Research
Society research, members' papers, annual reports, and proceedings
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Wei Houkai Yuan Peng Lu Qianwen: Historical Evolution and Theoretical Innovation of the Research on Agricultural and Rural Development in ChinaAbstract: To take the road of agricultural and rural development with Chinese characteristics, it is necessary to base on China's basic national conditions, deeply grasp the historical context and major national strategic needs, and comprehensively strengthen and deepen the theoretical research on agricultural and rural development. Since the founding of New China, agricultural and rural development research has experienced a tortuous course, according to the changes in institutional background and research focus, it can be roughly divided into four stages: establishing the socialist transformation theory of traditional small farmers (1949- 1957), exploring the agricultural economic theory under the planned economic system (1958-1977), establishing and developing the agricultural and rural development theory of socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics (1978-2001), and constructing the agricultural and rural development theory of urban-rural integration (2002-present). At present, the theoretical system of socialist agricultural and rural development with Chinese characteristics has been initially established. The research on agricultural and rural development since the founding of New China has made original and important contributions to enriching and developing Marxist political economy and accelerating the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. It has provided important theoretical support for promoting the modernization of China's agricultural and rural areas and promoting the reform and development of China's rural areas. Looking forward to the future, we should base on the major national strategy and the needs of reform and development, respond to the call of the times, speed up the construction and development of the theoretical system of socialist agricultural and rural development with Chinese characteristics, and provide solid theoretical support for taking the road of agricultural and rural development with Chinese characteristics.PDF
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"Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" Some Major Issues of International Agricultural CooperationDuring the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, China's agriculture has made great achievements in international cooperation. With the changes in the international political and economic environment, China's agricultural international cooperation during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period will face new challenges. From the three dimensions of agricultural trade, agricultural investment and agricultural science and technology cooperation, this paper comprehensively analyzes the development and changes of agricultural international cooperation during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, and makes a forward-looking discussion on the major issues of agricultural international cooperation during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period. The results show that there is still a lot of room for optimizing the allocation of global agricultural resources at the tactical level, and more time resilience and more reasonable framework design are needed at the strategic level. In addition to solving specific practical problems, international agricultural cooperation during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period also needs to build a more systematic, flexible and open policy system facing the world.PDF
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Hu Glacier: The Impact of the New Crown Epidemic and Reflections on Agricultural EconomicsThe neo-crowning epidemic poses a great challenge to global agricultural markets and agricultural policies, and also provides an opportunity for reflection on agricultural economics at the disciplinary level. From the continuity of the agricultural market, it can be observed that there is a clear value container in the trading of agricultural products and primary products, providing a specific carrier for market transactions, and the new crown epidemic has not changed the agricultural market to a large extent, but changed the value container of the agricultural market. In the face of the risk of overruns brought about by the epidemic, the proportion of losses faced by agricultural producers of different sizes is roughly equal, and the scale of agricultural operations has not shown greater resilience, which also requires a rethinking of the policy support system that favors farmers' livelihoods. Further, in agricultural economics, policy factors have been deeply embedded in the market system, and the impact of the new crown epidemic will cause great changes in agricultural policy tools and objectives, for which there should be a deeper theoretical discussion or a new analytical framework.PDF
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Cheng Guoqiang: "the belt and road initiative" Promos Agricultural Interaction and Integration to Achieve Win-win Agricultural CooperationCheng Guoqiang: "the belt and road initiative" Promos Agricultural Interaction and Integration to Achieve Win-win Agricultural Cooperation 2015-8-4 13:04:11 source: people's Network-Guizhou Channel author: GONG Jiangfeng original Title: Cheng Guoqiang: "the belt and road initiative" Promotes Interactive Integration of Agriculture to Achieve Win-win Agricultural Cooperation people's Daily Online, Guiyang, August 4th. On August 3, the important academic event of the 8th China-ASEAN Education Exchange Week "" Maritime Silk Road "National Agricultural Economy and Green Transformation Development Summit Forum" was held in Guiyang. Cheng Guoqiang, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council, said that under an open, inclusive, balanced, and inclusive regional cooperation framework, the "Belt and Road" will promote the establishment of a new pattern of international agricultural cooperation and a new order of global agricultural governance. It is understood that the theme of this forum is "Green Transformation and Sustainable Development of National Agriculture and Related Industries", sponsored by Guizhou University and undertaken by relevant units such as the School of Management of Guizhou University and the ASEAN Research Institute of Guizhou University. More than 120 guests and representatives attended the forum. the main forum was presided over by professor zhou xingyi, president of taiwan political university. As the first speaker, researcher Cheng Guoqiang, Secretary-General of the Academic Committee of the Development Research Center of the State Council of China and Director of the Bureau of International Cooperation, gave a report entitled "One Belt One Road and Regional Food Security", and shared the "Belt and Road" with the guests. Overview, progress and impact, and talked about their views on the impact of the "Belt and Road" construction on regional food security. Data show that in 2014, the total import of agricultural products between China and countries along the "Belt and Road Initiative" route was 22.839 billion US dollars, accounting for 18.80 per cent of China's total import of agricultural products, and the total export of agricultural products was 21.032 billion US dollars, accounting for 29.48 per cent of China's total export of agricultural products. Cheng Guoqiang makes an empirical analysis of agricultural cooperation in China, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar. He said that as long as the promotion of agricultural technology and the construction of agricultural infrastructure are strengthened, the rice export potential of several countries can increase by 20 million tons. "In Southwest China, the four provinces and cities of Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan, despite the current serious overload of agricultural resources and high environmental costs, the food gap still reaches more than 2500 million tons." Cheng Guoqiang analyzed that with the implementation of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements with relevant countries and regions, as well as the in-depth advancement of the "Belt and Road" strategy, the interaction and integration of domestic and foreign agricultural development and global agriculture will be significantly improved. If the "Belt and Road" promotes the formation of a regional integrated agricultural product market, it can connect the agricultural product market in Southwest China and the Indochina Peninsula, and establish a new food security system. The southwest region can introduce overloaded arable land resources to truly realize the sustainability of its agriculture. development. The Indochina Peninsula can take advantage of the agricultural product market in the southwest to promote its modern agricultural development. In addition, Professor Song Peng, Dean of the School of Foreign Affairs of Langshi University of Thailand, Professor Sheng Jun, President of Yunnan Agricultural University of China, and Mr. Quan Jingxiu, Distinguished Professor of Guizhou University, shared their experiences and views on how to achieve win-win agricultural cooperation between China and ASEAN, the development of regional tea industry and the development of ecological agriculture in mountainous areas, and reported the corresponding development paths and solutions. (Gong Jiangfeng) editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Du Zhixiong and Wang Xinzhi: Theoretical Thinking on the Reform of China's Agricultural Basic Management SystemDu Zhixiong and Wang Xinzhi: Theoretical Thinking on the Reform of China's Agricultural Basic Management System april 15, 2014 10:33 Source: Theoretical Discussion, No.4, 2013 [Summary] Adhere to and improve the basic rural management system, cultivate new agricultural business entities, and build a new agricultural management system that combines intensification, specialization, organization, and socialization, which is important for the development of modern agriculture, improving comprehensive agricultural production capacity, and ensuring National food security and effective supply of important agricultural products are of great significance. As one of the diversified new agricultural business entities, family farms conform to the new changes in China's agricultural production at this stage. It not only adheres to the traditional advantages of agricultural family production and management, but also helps to solve the problem of maintaining the stability and sustainability of China's future agricultural business entities., Leading the development direction of China's modern agriculture and advanced productivity. Under the background of industrialization and urbanization, family farm is the most suitable and most worthy of promotion to improve the basic agricultural management system of China. 【Keywords】 family farm; large agricultural professional households; farmer cooperatives; industrial and commercial enterprises; diversified new agricultural management entities 1. Introduction in the late 1970 s and early 1980 s, China's agriculture established a two-tier management system based on household contract management and a combination of unified and decentralized management. This is created and formed by hundreds of millions of farmers to adapt to the socialist market economic system and conform to the characteristics of agricultural production. The basic agricultural management system has greatly stimulated farmers' enthusiasm and initiative in production, and created world-renowned achievements in the development of China's agriculture and rural economy. But needless to say, with the vigorous development of industrialization and urbanization and the large-scale transfer of agricultural labor, the economic and social structure of rural areas has undergone and continues to undergo tremendous historical changes. Under the structural characteristics of the so-called "institutionalized semi-work and semi-farming small-scale peasant economy", the shortcomings and problems of the agricultural double-tier management system that once played a huge institutional efficiency are also increasingly revealed, the trend of part-time and low-quality agricultural business entities is becoming more and more serious. There is a serious shortage of strong labor force in the front line of agricultural production. A large number of old, weak, sick, disabled and women have become the main force of agricultural production. Therefore, continuing to innovate and improve the basic agricultural management system to solve the future who will farm and grow grain to ensure national food security has become a major practical problem that urgently needs to be solved. In this context, China's rural basic management system has begun to undergo profound changes, and agricultural business entities have begun to differentiate. In addition to the general small-scale agricultural business entities, diversified new types of agricultural professional households, family farms, land cooperatives, and industrial and commercial enterprises are represented. The development momentum of agricultural business entities is strong, and it has become an important subject for China to build modern agriculture, ensure national food security and the effective supply of major agricultural products. It is an indisputable fact that the diversification of agricultural business entities is an inevitable trend at present and in the future. But which (some) new agricultural business entities are more in line with the special national conditions of China's large population and small land and the future development direction of modern agriculture and become the dominant form, and how to achieve functional complementarity, division of labor and cooperation among diversified new agricultural business entities to build a new agricultural management system that combines intensification, specialization, organization and socialization? These two core questions still need to be answered theoretically. This paper attempts to answer these two basic questions in the words of one family through an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the diversified new agricultural management subjects that have emerged in practice. Analysis on the Characteristics of 2. Diversified New Agricultural Management Entities major (I) Agricultural Professionals generally speaking, large agricultural professionals refer to farmers who have a certain scale of operation and engage in specialized production around a certain agricultural product on the basis of division of labor in the process of agricultural production and management. At present, the definition of major agricultural professionals is mainly based on the scale of their cultivation or breeding. Due to the differences in land resource endowments, the quantitative standards for large agricultural professionals vary across the country. Taking large grain growers as an example, in 2012, the national definition standard is that the operating area is more than 30 mu; the definition standard of Heilongjiang Province is that the actual grain planting area is not less than 1000 mu; the definition standard of Shandong Province is that the grain planting area is 300 mu and above (including wheat, corn, rice and other food crops, of which the planting area of wheat or rice is 150 mu and above). Large agricultural professional households have also played a very important role in ensuring national food security, improving comprehensive grain production capacity, improving the effective allocation of land resources and changing the mode of agricultural development, which is a great progress compared with small-scale farmers. However, large agricultural professionals are still facing some problems that cannot be ignored in terms of health, standardization, and stable development. First, the land transfer method is not standardized. Standardized land transfer is a prerequisite for the emergence of large agricultural professional households (including other business entities). Standardized land transfer provides land resources for the growth of large agricultural professional households, and provides basic conditions for the birth of more and larger agricultural professional households. Some large agricultural professionals only have oral agreements in the process of land transfer, without written contracts, or written contracts are not standardized, resulting in continuous disputes over land transfer in the process of agricultural production. Due to the lack of detailed rules for the implementation of the current farmland lease subcontracting policy, most of the farmland transfer-out households are unwilling to sign long-term transfer contracts. As a result, some large agricultural professional households generally have a short transfer period of land transfer, and the land transfer is unstable, which affects the long-term investment of large agricultural households in farmland infrastructure. Positivity. Second, the land is scattered. Although some large agricultural professional households have significantly reduced the degree of land fragmentation through land transfer, and realized the continuous management of land and economies of scale, there are also some large agricultural professional households contracted cultivated land with household contracting and scattered fields. It is not convenient for unified layout and management, which restricts the development of large-scale production. Third, most large agricultural households lack professional training. Although most of the large agricultural households have been engaged in agricultural production for many years and have rich practical experience, they generally have not received systematic agricultural professional training and learning, and it is difficult to master new agricultural technologies. The level of scientific grain planting needs to be improved, and it is difficult to effectively undertake the important task of modern agricultural development. Fourth, large agricultural professionals also have a certain degree of "non-grain" tendency of arable land. Affected by factors such as low comparative efficiency of grain planting and high land transfer costs, some large agricultural households have converted the land originally used for growing grain into the development of aquaculture, high-efficiency cash crop planting, ecological agriculture, leisure agriculture, etc. The "non-grain" tendency of cultivated land is obvious. (II) farmers land cooperatives in recent years, farmers' professional cooperatives have sprung up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. By the first quarter of 2012, there were 552000 farmers' professional cooperatives registered according to law, and more than 4300 million farmers, accounting for about 17.2 percent of the farmers, and the transferred land area reached 30.55 million mu, accounting for 13.4 percent of the total cultivated land circulation area in the country. In practice, as the carrier of land transfer, cooperatives gather the scattered land of farmers through trusteeship, shareholding, leasing and other means, and the cooperatives directly engage in agricultural production and operation in accordance with the company system. As a kind of system innovation on the basis of rural household contract management, farmers' professional cooperatives are a modern agricultural management organization formed by farmers voluntarily to optimize the economic interests of their members. It is an institutional arrangement for farmers to resist capital and effectively reduce the transaction costs of entering the market, and it is also an important carrier to provide socialized services for agricultural production subjects. However, due to the congenital difficulties of agricultural production supervision and measurement, coupled with the non-profit characteristics of farmers' cooperatives and the difficulties of collective action, cooperation fails as soon as it enters the field of agriculture, especially food production. This is a worldwide phenomenon. Therefore, as one of the main forms of agricultural management, farmers' land cooperatives will still develop, but from the perspective of agricultural production and management subjects, it is unlikely to become a universal and efficient main form. In real life, most land cooperatives are actually engaged in corporate management, which is not essentially different from industrial and commercial enterprises entering the planting industry. (III) industrial and commercial enterprises it is not news that industrial and commercial enterprises enter the rural and agricultural fields. The agricultural industrialization management of "leading enterprise N farmers" is a typical manifestation that has already started the tide of capital going to the countryside. It is worth noting that in recent years, some urban industrial and commercial enterprises have used local government investment policies to create new ideas for the management of the entire industrial chain of agricultural products, and with their own strong economic strength, by wantonly occupying farmers' arable land, it has triggered a wave of industrial and commercial enterprises. Entering the new wave of agriculture (planting industry), a new business entity, has emerged in agriculture (planting industry). According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture, as of the end of December 2012, of the 0.27 billion mu of cultivated land transferred by household contract management nationwide, the area of cultivated land flowing into industrial and commercial enterprises was 28 million mu, an increase of 115 percent over 2009. Although the absolute amount of arable land flowing into industrial and commercial enterprises is limited, its proportion in the total area of circulation has reached 10.3 per cent, and is on the rise rapidly. It is true that there is no doubt that industrial and commercial capital going to the countryside will bring benefits to rural agricultural farmers. Industrial and commercial capital going to the countryside can bring scarce resources such as material capital, human capital and social capital that are urgently needed for agricultural development. Advanced management methods can be introduced to drive farmers to increase their income and become rich by means of technology demonstration, market guidance and stimulating rural employment, It plays an important role in revitalizing the scattered and inefficient agriculture and developing modern agriculture. However, it can not be ignored that industrial and commercial capital (especially urban industrial and commercial capital) going to the countryside is a "double-edged sword", and its entry into the agricultural production process may also bring a series of serious negative effects. First, if industrial and commercial capital directly participates in agricultural production and operation on a large scale and for a long time, it will inevitably have a crowding-out effect on the farmers working on the original land and affect the employment of the rural population (although industrial and commercial enterprises entering the planting industry also absorb part of the agricultural labor force in the form of employment or anti-contracting rent, but the crowding-out effect on the agricultural labor force, especially the elderly agricultural labor force, exists. With the change of the nature of China's labor market, in fact, the elderly but effective agricultural labor force is very beneficial to ensure the stability of the labor market and maintain the rapid growth of China's economy). Although industrial and commercial capital can absorb some farmers to participate in agricultural production and operation as agricultural workers, it is impossible to employ all farmers who have transferred their land, especially those who are too old, frail and sick, and have low non-agricultural employability. In addition, the current rent of land transfer is generally not high, which is bound to affect the living conditions of those farmers who have poor ability to maintain sustainable livelihood. Second, some industrial and commercial capital changed the land use without authorization, so that the transferred land showed the phenomenon of "non-agricultural" and "non-grain. According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture, only 6% of the industrial and commercial capital in some areas went to the countryside to engage in grain production. In the long run, it will endanger the national food security policy to a great extent. Third, there is short-term behavior of industrial and commercial capital going to the countryside to rent land. Some industrial and commercial enterprises themselves do not have the experience of operating agricultural land. Once operational risks occur, they will leave. The risks will inevitably be passed on to farmers. Especially if some enterprises have difficulties in operating under the condition of changing the use of agricultural land, the problem will be even greater. Farmers will face the dilemma that the cultivated land will be destroyed and cannot be reclaimed after the withdrawal of industrial and commercial capital. Fourth, even if industrial and commercial enterprises are really engaged in agricultural production, due to the obvious cost of agricultural land, virtual high, enterprise capital profit-seeking and excessive marketization of agricultural products, it will certainly push up the prices of agricultural products abnormally. Therefore, in the current stage of agricultural development, it is necessary to strictly monitor it and eliminate the advantages and disadvantages (in 2013, the No. 1 document of the Central Committee proposed to "encourage and guide urban industrial and commercial capital to develop planting and breeding industries suitable for enterprise management in rural areas". It is also proposed to "explore the establishment of a strict access and supervision system for industrial and commercial enterprises to lease farmland (forest land, grassland) contracted by farmers". Including the entry of industrial and commercial capital from cities into agriculture may be an inevitable trend of China's agricultural development in the future. It can be a supplement to agricultural business entities, but it should not and cannot become the dominant agricultural business entities. Characteristics of 3. Family Farm and Its Relationship with Other Business Entities characteristics of (I) family farms family farm is an imported term from Europe and America. In China, it refers to a new type of agricultural business entity that takes family members as the main labor force, engages in large-scale, intensive, and commercialized agricultural production and operation, and takes agricultural income as the main source of family income. Although family farms have not started for a long time in China, and there is still a lack of clear definitions and accurate definition standards, generally speaking, family farms have the following characteristics: 1. Family farmers have a natural dependence on the land. Family farmers basically come from local natural persons, and they have very strong feelings with the land. The land-loving complex is deeply rooted. The land is not only their basic means of production and the foundation of their lives, but also contains a sense of blood and kinship recognized by the family ancestors. It embodies their value beliefs, spiritual sustenance and a long-standing humanistic spirit; at the same time, they have a strong geographical relationship with the location of the farm, familiar with the local natural and social environment and maintain a high sense of identity and recognition of the community of life, and have a high sense of moral responsibility to protect the local natural and cultural environment and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the behavior of family farmers is not only constrained by economic laws, but also by moral constraints based on geo-kinship and life community. These are an important feature that distinguishes family farms from other agricultural operators, especially industrial and commercial capital enterprises. (II) family farm is an upgraded version of the agricultural professional Also as the main body of agricultural scale production and operation, there are both connections and differences between family farms and large agricultural professionals. According to the three main standards of family farms proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture (with family members as the main labor force, engaged in large-scale, intensive, and commercial agricultural production and operation, and agricultural income as the main source of family income), family farms will inevitably come from agriculture. Large professional households, but compared with the various problems faced by large agricultural professional households, family farms have high thresholds and strict access systems, and their definition standards are also strictly higher than those of large agricultural professional households. First, family farms must have family members as the main labor force, with no perennial employees or a number of perennial employees not exceeding the number of family farmers. Second, the land circulation of family farms must be standardized. The land transfer of family farms should not only have a formal written contract, but also the land transfer period should not be less than 10 years. Third, the family farm land to achieve contiguous management. Family farms should be combined with local resource endowments, and the area of a single piece of land should not be less than a certain number of acres. Fourth, family farmers must be professional farmers. Family farmers must not only take agriculture as a fixed or even lifelong occupation, but also have the cultural literacy, management experience and management ability to adapt to the development of modern agriculture. Fifth, family farms are not allowed to change the original land use without authorization, so that the transferred land presents "non-agricultural" and "non-grain" phenomena, endangering national food security. (III) Farmers' Cooperatives Are the Main Service Body of Family Farm the course of 30 years of agricultural development has proved that the two-tier management system based on household contract management and the combination of unification and division has injected vitality and vitality into the development of rural agricultural economy with the centralized function of "unification" and the flexible advantage of "division". However, the basic rural management system and agricultural production and management mode are not immutable, but are constantly innovated and improved. Under the new background of agricultural marketization, internationalization and modernization, on the basis of adhering to agricultural family management, it is more necessary to pursue the best combination of unification and division, and realize the innovation at the level of "unification. The most important point in innovation is to develop the agricultural socialized service system and resolve and coordinate the sharp conflict between small-scale farmers' production methods and socialized large-scale production. At the same time, the construction of a social service system covering the whole process, comprehensive supporting, convenient and efficient is also an inevitable requirement for the development of modern agriculture. The production scale of family farms is large, the production based on the division of labor is strong, and the links between the various links of agricultural production are also very close, and they also face greater market risks and natural risks. it is more urgent to provide a full range of social services for its agricultural pre-production, in-production and post-production links. Therefore, cooperation is the basis and condition of family farms, and the alliance between family farms also provides the basis for the formation of the scale of cooperatives. This alliance and cooperation based on the internal needs of farmers is more conducive to the development and growth of farmers' cooperatives. Family farms have a certain appropriate scale of operation, but the internal scale of this manufacturer is not large enough to internalize the various social services it needs. Therefore, in this sense, family farms are more in urgent need of the market to provide various social services. As an important main body of the new agricultural socialized service system, farmer cooperatives can provide family farms with financial services, information services, agricultural technical services, agricultural production materials and agricultural products supply and marketing services, primary processing and deep processing services of agricultural and sideline products, etc. Social services enhance the ability of family farms to prevent technical risks, natural risks and market risks. Therefore, "farmer cooperative family farm" is a new model of agricultural industrialization management that is efficient and worthy of promotion. This model, on the basis of adhering to family management, realizes large-scale land planting, standardized production, and industrialized management. The innovation of the "combination of unification and division" of the two-tier management system is in line with the direction of modern agricultural development and will surely become one of the basic management forms of agriculture in the future. (IV) industrial and commercial enterprises are an important supplement to family farms. Industrial and commercial capital should not be directly involved in agriculture, especially grain production and operation on a large scale for a long time, but this does not mean that industrial and commercial enterprises cannot make a difference in agricultural production. Industrial and commercial capital can rely on its strong material capital, human capital and social capital. Enter the industries that are more suitable for enterprise management, such as facility agriculture, large-scale breeding and the development of "four wastes" resources, engaged in the upstream areas of the industrial chain such as the sales and deep processing of agricultural products, and provided social services such as pre-production, mid-production, and post-production for family farm agricultural production, so as to give full play to the supplementary, driving and service effects of industrial and commercial enterprises on family farms. However, it is necessary to ensure that the agriculture of family farms, especially the status of large-scale operations of grain production, establish a strict access and supervision system for industrial and commercial capital leasing farmers to contract land, and prohibit industrial and commercial enterprises from relying on their strong capital strength to compete with weak family farms for cultivated land. Production and management rights. 4. Conclusion the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly stated that it is necessary to develop various forms of large-scale operations and build a new agricultural management system that combines intensification, specialization, organization, and socialization. This is the evolution of China's agricultural management entities for a long period of time in the future. Basic principles and directions. To reform and improve the basic rural management system and cultivate new agricultural business entities, we must comprehensively consider the special national conditions of China with more people and less land and the current stage of China's agricultural development. In the future, the main body of agricultural management in China must be a pattern of coexistence of multiple subjects. As an upgraded version of large agricultural professionals, the emergence of family farms conforms to the current new trend of agricultural development in my country. On the basis of adhering to and giving full play to the advantages of agricultural family production and management, it has effectively solved the problem of stability and sustainability of my country's future agricultural business entities., And through moderate scale operations, intensification and commercialization promote agricultural efficiency and farmers' income. Therefore, family farms reflect the historical regularity of transforming traditional agriculture, lead the development direction of modern agriculture, and represent the advanced productivity of Chinese agriculture. It should become the most important form of China's agricultural management system in the future. At the same time, other new agricultural business entities as a supplement, its advantages should also be given full play. Promote the innovation of basic agricultural management systems at the two levels of "unification" and "division" to build a new agricultural management system that combines intensification, specialization, organization, and socialization; promote the standardized and stable development of large agricultural professional households to make it Transform into family farms; build a new socialized service system to give full play to the social service function of farmer cooperatives; encourage and restrict the entry of industrial and commercial capital into agriculture, give full play to the complementary, driving and service effects of industrial and commercial enterprises on family farms. Comments: ① According to data released by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on January 10, 2013, by the end of 2012, there were 689000 specialized farmer cooperatives, an increase of 32.07 percent over the end of the previous year, with a total investment of 1.1 trillion billion yuan, an increase of 52.07 percent. References] [1] Du Zhixiong. New changes in China's agricultural development and several noteworthy issues [J]. China Village Discovery, 2012,(Winter's Number). [2] Dong Jun. Central document No. 1 encourages "capital to the countryside" [EB/OL]. Xinhua, 2013-02-15. [3] Huang Zuhui, Yu Ning. New Agricultural Business Entities: Status Quo, Constraints and Development Ideas -- A Case Study of Zhejiang Province [J]. China Rural Economy, 2010,(10). [4] Li Gucheng, Li Chongguang. Farmer household management at the crossroads: where to go [J]. The Economist, 2012,(1). [5] Liu Xiaoping. On the Evolution and Innovation of China's Rural Basic Management System [J]. Economic Geography, 2009,(2). [6] Wang Xinzhi. Analysis of the meaning of the first mention of "family farm" [N]. Volkswagen Daily, February 24, 2013. [7] Zhu Qizhen, Yang Huiquan. Innovation of rural two-tier management system under the condition of long-term farmland contract relationship [N]. China Reform Newspaper, 2008-10-27. 2. Family farms adhere to the advantages of agricultural family production and management. From the practice of agricultural development in various countries in the world, agricultural family management, as a basic form of agricultural management, has better adaptability than other management methods. Whether in the United States and Canada where there are "less people and more land", in France and Germany where "people and land are balanced", or in Japan and South Korea where there are "more people and less land", agricultural family management is the most common form of agricultural management. The reason why agricultural family management has such a wide range of adaptability is fundamentally based on the special nature of agricultural production and the special advantages of family management. Agriculture is a special industry intertwined with economic reproduction and natural reproduction. The dispersion and frequency of its production activities make it very difficult to monitor and measure it. It is prone to problems such as information asymmetry, principal-agent and opportunistic behavior, which leads to low agricultural production efficiency. This special nature of agricultural production puts forward higher requirements for its business organization. As a special interest community, the family has a series of super economic social capital ties, including blood relationship, emotion, marriage ethics and so on. It is easier to form common goals and behavior consistency. In the process of agricultural production, there is no need for accurate labor measurement and supervision, so that workers have great initiative, enthusiasm and flexibility. Therefore, as a special form of efficient organization, family farm can solve the problems of cooperation, supervision and incentive in agricultural production with minimal negative effects. It is the innate best organizational form of agriculture, especially grain production and management, and it is also the main form of agricultural operation in all countries in the world. 3. Family farms have solved the problem of the stability and sustainability of China's future agricultural business entities. The current transfer of surplus labor in China's rural areas has led to a large one-way and unbalanced loss of high-quality labor resources in rural areas. There is a serious shortage of strong labor in rural and agricultural production. Most of the people who are really engaged in agricultural production all year round are "38, 61, and 99 troops." A large number of old, weak, sick, disabled and women have become the main force in agricultural production, and the weak position of rural areas has been further consolidated and strengthened. In the next ten years or decades, who will grow grain and who will engage in agricultural production has become an urgent problem in front of us. For family farms, the specialization, scale and modernization of agricultural production are its basic requirements, which puts forward higher professional quality requirements for farmers. As a new type of agricultural business entity, farmers are not only experienced and technically comprehensive planting experts in agricultural production, but also have certain market judgment ability and risk awareness, and must understand modern agricultural science and technology. Therefore, the family farmer must be a new professional farmer with culture, technical knowledge and comprehensive skills in production management and marketing. By cultivating more professional farmers to become the main body of family farms, agricultural production will automatically realize intergenerational inheritance and the replacement of new and old in the process of its development, thus effectively solving the problem of the stability and sustainability of China's future agricultural management entities. 4. Family farms have moderate economies of scale. At present, China's one-family ultra-small agricultural scale operation has internal efficiency, but it lacks external efficiency and overall efficiency. First of all, the ultra-small-scale agricultural operation of one household is not conducive to the specialization, standardization, mechanization, technology, informatization, and branding of agricultural production, so it is difficult to realize agricultural modernization; secondly, the ultra-small-scale agricultural operation of one household, The efficiency of resource allocation is not high, it is difficult to achieve economies of scale, and it is impossible to reduce agricultural operating costs and increase agricultural output, so it is difficult to increase farmers' income level; again, it is not conducive to the game between farmers and other agricultural related stakeholders such as agricultural leading enterprises. When farmers enter the market, they have high transaction costs, high risks, and little power to protect their own interests. To realize the scale operation of agricultural production is the inevitable requirement of exploring the development road of modern agriculture with Chinese characteristics, and it is also an important way of agricultural modernization. However, the scale of family farms is not as large as possible. It is necessary to take into account the speed of local rural labor transfer, the level of existing agricultural technology and equipment, and the scope that a family can take into account in the supporting social service system. Otherwise, if the scale of family farms exceeds its own Operating capacity, resource utilization, land output rate and economic benefits may all decline. Therefore, it is necessary to realize the optimal allocation of land, labor, capital and management through the moderate scale operation of family farms, so as to improve the labor productivity, land output rate and commodity rate of agricultural products, and then enhance the comprehensive production capacity, anti-risk ability and market competitiveness of agriculture, and promote the rapid development of modern agriculture.
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Zhu Lizhi et al.: Suggestions on the Reform of Agricultural Management SystemZhu Lizhi et al.: Suggestions on the Reform of Agricultural Management System xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, pointed out in his explanation on the ''Decisions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues of Comprehensively Deepening Reforms'' that mountains, rivers, forests, fields and lakes are a community of life. The lifeblood of the mountain is the soil, and the lifeblood of the soil is the tree. Use control and ecological restoration must follow the laws of nature. If the tree planting only cares about planting trees, the water control only cares about water control, and the simple protection of the field, it is easy to take care of one and lose the other, and ultimately cause systematic ecological damage. One department is responsible for the control of all land and space uses within the territory, and it is necessary to carry out unified protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, fields and lakes. In recent years, my country's administrative system reform has continued to deepen, and new progress has been made in the reform of the working mechanism. However, due to many obstacles, the task of accelerating the formation of a system and mechanism that meets the requirements of scientific development is still very arduous. Similarly, although my country's agricultural management system has been reformed several times and its management functions have been gradually strengthened, due to various constraints, the new management system that adapts to the development of modern agriculture is still very imperfect. According to incomplete statistics, more than a dozen ministries (bureaus) are involved in the management of agriculture before, during and after production. Among them, in the quality and safety management of agricultural products and agricultural investment management, nearly ten ministries (banks) are involved; in the management of agricultural product processing and circulation and the management of agricultural production materials, many ministries (bureaus) are also involved. The current pace of reform of the national agricultural management system not only lags behind that of some local provinces, but also has a growing gap with the management of developed countries, and the division of departments and management are seriously out of touch, resulting in a management situation with multiple departments, cumbersome procedures, high cost and low efficiency, which has reached a critical time for in-depth reform. The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to "accelerate the development of modern agriculture, enhance the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, and ensure national food security and effective supply of important agricultural products." The construction of modern agriculture has become one of the major tasks of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Modern agriculture is the necessity of the development of traditional agriculture, and it is an all-round change. From the practice at home and abroad, modern agriculture is a specialized, information-based, socialized and intensive industry with extensive and continuous application of modern science and technology, modern industrial equipment and modern management. it is a comprehensive industry with high efficiency and high efficiency that combines production, processing and sales, pre-production, mid-production and post-production, and production, life and ecology. With the multi-functionality of modern agricultural development, the state's requirements for macro-control and management of agricultural development are higher and more complex. In order to strengthen the functions of agricultural macro-management and meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets, the United States, Japan and European Union countries, as well as some newly industrialized countries and regions, have successively adjusted and reformed the agricultural management system according to the concept and construction process of modern agriculture, not only broadening the scope of management, but also strengthening management functions and means, protecting and supporting the agricultural industry in accordance with the law, and implementing all-round management of the agricultural industry chain and rural comprehensive development. At present, some provinces in China have reformed the agricultural management system, merged the provincial management office, the Department of agriculture and other relevant agricultural related institutions, and formed the Agricultural Committee, which has made a useful exploration on the road of "changing functions, straightening out relations, streamlining troops and streamlining administration, and improving efficiency. At present, China is faced with the arduous and urgent tasks of strategic adjustment of agricultural structure and increasing farmers' income, as well as the competition of agricultural products trade with developed countries. We should reform the agricultural management system as soon as possible, and ask for efficiency and productivity from the system. In accordance with the requirements of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, in the spirit of seizing opportunities and advancing with the times, from a systematic, comprehensive and overall perspective, adopt institutional reforms, functional integration, and phased approach, and establish a new national Ministry of Agriculture: (I) rationally allocate management functions and establish an efficient operation mechanism. In the cross-functional areas of agricultural production, agricultural investment, internal and external quarantine of animals and plants, quality and safety of agricultural products, processing of agricultural products, and agricultural trade negotiations, it is recommended that the national agricultural department manage them to better improve work efficiency. (II) integrate relevant management institutions and build an efficient operation platform. Effectively reform the decentralized management model of departments, integrate the overlapping and overlapping institutions of the agricultural sector and other departments, and reduce management links and implement centralized and unified management in accordance with the principle of "one matter, one related matter, one institution. For example, with agricultural resources and environmental protection as the core, integrate water-saving irrigation, returning farmland to forest (grass, lake), soil and water conservation, wetland protection, farmland water conservancy and other functions. (III) the construction of up and down through, vertical management of public services and support protection system. First, the law enforcement work of fishery administration, veterinary medicine, agricultural (veterinary) medicine, and the quality and safety of agricultural products shall be carried out, and a system of combining the dispatched agencies of agricultural departments with vertical management at and below the provincial level shall be implemented. The second is to comprehensively improve the inspection system composed of national inspection, provincial inspection, agricultural product inspection stations in the main production (marketing) areas and enterprise self-inspection, and accelerate the implementation of the whole process of quality control of agricultural products. The third is to rectify the certification system, strictly regulate the full certification of pollution-free agricultural products, green food, organic food and geographical indications of agricultural products, and vigorously carry out international mutual recognition. At the same time, improve the construction of law enforcement agencies to ensure the effective implementation of agricultural laws and regulations. (IV) continued to deepen institutional reforms and actively promoted pilot projects. First, select key products for pilot management system reform. For example, the integrated management of production, processing, and circulation can be tried out for Xinjiang cotton, Guangxi sugar industry, and fisheries in coastal provinces. The second is to select some areas to implement the integrated management reform of production and marketing, trade, industry and agriculture. The third is to improve the early warning system for agricultural trade and quality safety. The fourth is to combine the integration of urban and rural areas and standardize the transfer mode of rural surplus labor force. Fifth, improve the management mechanism of new agricultural business entities. The State should formulate preferential policies in terms of finance, credit and taxation to provide necessary support. (V), in accordance with the requirements of consistent power and responsibility, strengthen the management of the use of financial funds for supporting agriculture. It is necessary to effectively change the current situation in which my country's fiscal agricultural expenditure is managed in blocks and limited funds cannot form a joint force, adjust the structure of national fiscal agricultural expenditure, and improve the management and supervision mechanism. It is suggested that the general allocation and management principles and systems of the state financial funds for supporting agriculture should be the responsibility of the state financial department, and the specific implementation and management should be the responsibility of the national agricultural administrative department. On the basis of improving efficiency, we should make good use of financial funds to support agriculture, further strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure, vigorously support the adjustment of agricultural structure, strive to promote agricultural industrialization, effectively protect and improve the comprehensive grain production capacity, improve the animal and plant quarantine and epidemic prevention system, standardize the quality standards and inspection and supervision system of agricultural products, and improve the market and information service system of agricultural products. Comprehensively strengthen agricultural scientific research and education, agricultural technology promotion and the cultivation of new professional farmers, attach great importance to the construction of agricultural ecological environment protection, accelerate the development of poverty-stricken areas, and significantly eliminate the income gap between urban and rural residents. (The author is a researcher at the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences)
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Cheng Guoqiang: Why should we explore the establishment of a target price system for agricultural productsCheng Guoqiang: Why should we explore the establishment of a target price system for agricultural products the Central Document No. 1 proposes to "improve the price formation mechanism of important agricultural products such as grain"; "continue to adhere to the market pricing principle, explore and promote the reform of decoupling the agricultural product price formation mechanism from government subsidies, and gradually establish a target price system for agricultural products, and subsidize when the market price is too high. Low-income consumers, when the market price is lower than the target price, subsidize producers according to the price difference, and effectively ensure farmers' income"; "in 2014, launch Northeast and Inner Mongolia soybean, Xinjiang cotton target price subsidy pilot" in accordance with the spirit of the No. 1 Central Document, in the future, my country will promote the improvement of the price formation mechanism of important agricultural products such as grain in accordance with the principle of market pricing and separation of price compensation. Gradually establish a target price system. The so-called target price subsidy means that the government determines the target price of agricultural products in advance. When the actual market price of agricultural products is lower than the target price, the government subsidizes agricultural producers according to the difference between the two to ensure their basic income; if the actual market price of agricultural products is higher than the target price, there is no need to start the target price subsidy policy. So, why explore the establishment of a target price system for agricultural products? Since the beginning of the new century, China has implemented price support policies for agricultural products, such as minimum purchase prices and temporary purchases and storage, which, on the one hand, have played a key role in effectively mobilizing farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain, achieving "ten consecutive increases" in grain production and "ten consecutive increases in farmers' income", enhancing the ability to regulate and control grain and maintaining market stability. On the other hand, a series of new problems and new contradictions have gradually emerged, especially under the new situation of important changes in the domestic and foreign environment, the existing support policies are facing more and more severe challenges. First of all, the price formation mechanism of agricultural products is distorted, and the role of the market is not effectively played. For example, since 2008, the state has raised the minimum grain purchase price for six consecutive years, which has effectively mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers to grow grain and expanded their income from growing grain. On the other hand, it has also made the grain market price "bottom" signal significant. The expectation of "only rising but not falling" has been strengthened, and the grain price formation mechanism and market price signal have been distorted, To a certain extent, the grain market has shown a "policy" trend. Secondly, the prices of agricultural products at home and abroad are upside down, and the pressure on imports is increasing day by day. With the support of the minimum purchase price and the temporary storage policy, the current domestic prices of major agricultural products such as rice, wheat, corn, soybeans, and cotton are close to or higher than the international market prices. If domestic prices continue to rise in the future, the inversion of domestic and foreign prices is likely to expand further, which will put huge import pressure on the domestic market. For example, cotton and sugar have formed an unfavorable situation of "increasing domestic production-increasing national reserves-increasing imports-increasing national reserves", which not only increases the financial burden, but also affects the effect of policy implementation. Third, the situation of agricultural resources and environment is grim, and the sustainable development of agriculture is facing challenges. Policies such as the minimum purchase price and temporary purchase and storage have effectively mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain and promoted grain production. At the same time, they have also led to prominent environmental problems such as soil degradation, over-exploitation of groundwater, over-use of fertilizers and pesticides, and agricultural non-point source pollution. Sustainable development is facing huge challenges. The implementation of target prices to decouple the price formation of agricultural products from government subsidies can not only effectively mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for production, but also reduce distortions to the market, which is conducive to the decisive role of market allocation of resources. It is the basic direction of my country's agricultural product support subsidy policy adjustment in the future. From the perspective of policy operation, the target price is different from the minimum purchase price and the temporary purchase and storage price, and does not directly affect the market price, but mainly plays a role in guiding the price signal of farmers. When the market price of agricultural products is lower than the target price, farmers still sell freely according to the market price, and the price difference between the two is subsidized by the government according to their planting area and average yield. This can not only mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for production, effectively guarantee the basic income of producers, but also play an important role in regulating the supply and demand of agricultural products, reduce market distortion, and curb the excessive development of agricultural resources. At the same time, it can also mobilize the enthusiasm of various market players and reduce the pressure on the government to collect and store. The central government decided to carry out pilot projects of target price subsidies for soybeans and cotton in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia in 2014, reflecting the reform strategy of "pilot first and steady progress. That is, through the current contradictions of the more prominent soybean, cotton pilot, explore implementation methods, accumulate operational experience, and then steadily promote to other key agricultural varieties, specifically, in the design of policy operations, subsidies to farmers according to planting area and output can also be considered according to sales volume. The basic principle is that the distortion of the market must be reduced as much as possible, the policy implementation must be prevented from evolving from production support to income support, and the effectiveness and sustainability of the policy must be maintained; the level of subsidies must be reasonable and appropriate, which not only guarantees the basic income of producers, but also government fiscal Expenditure can be affordable; implementation methods must be convenient and feasible, not only to ensure the directionality and accuracy of the policy, but also to be operable, and the masses can understand and accept, gradually form a target price subsidy system with clear direction, precise influence, convenient operation and remarkable effect. (Author: State Council Development Research Center researcher Cheng Guoqiang)
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Kong Xiangzhi: Developing Cooperatives and Improving the Agricultural Socialized Service SystemKong Xiangzhi: Developing Cooperatives and Improving the Agricultural Socialized Service System time: 2014-04-19 21:14 Source: China Farmers' Cooperative No. 03, 2014 Author: Kong Xiangzhi Click: 48 Times the No. 1 document of the Central Committee in 2014 pointed out that "vigorously develop socialized services with diversified subjects, diverse forms and full competition, and promote cooperative, order-based, managed and other service models." it points out the direction of the construction of China's agricultural socialized service system in 2014 and for a period of time in the future, and also explains the important position of farmers' cooperatives in the agricultural socialized service system. Agricultural Policy in the New Century Attaches Great Importance to the Role of Service Subject of Farmer Cooperatives from the very beginning, farmers' cooperatives have shown the function of providing various services for farmers before, during and after production; early cooperative organizations can at least play a role in providing market information and alleviate the difficulty of selling agricultural products to a certain extent. Therefore, after entering the new century, especially the launch of the legislative work of the the People's Republic of China Farmers' Professional Cooperative Law in 2003, the party and the government attach great importance to the role of cooperatives in the construction of the agricultural socialized service system, which is fully reflected in the 11 central No. 1 documents (Table 1). In addition to the 11 Central Committee No. 1 documents, when the Third Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China deployed the establishment of a new type of agricultural socialized service system, it was proposed to "accelerate the construction of public service institutions as the support, cooperative economic organizations as the foundation, leading enterprises as the backbone, and other societies. A new type of agricultural socialized service system that combines public welfare services and business services, and coordinates special services and comprehensive services", "Support supply and marketing cooperatives, farmers' professional cooperatives, professional service companies, professional technical associations, farmers' brokers, leading enterprises, etc. to provide various forms of production and operation services". It can be seen that the third Plenary session of the 17th CPC Central Committee believes that farmers' cooperatives play a fundamental role in the construction of agricultural socialized service system and must be vigorously developed. What services can farmer cooperatives provide to farmers first, to achieve "sell high and buy low" by means of joint purchases and joint sales ". In recent years, the problem of difficulty in selling agricultural products has often occurred, making farmers in structural adjustment often helpless, or follow their feelings, or have no way to go. First of all, determined by the characteristics of agricultural production and agricultural products, whether in the purchase of production factors or the sale of agricultural products, China's 0.2 billion scattered small farmers are at a disadvantage in the market. There is a buyer's monopoly in the sale of agricultural products and a seller's monopoly in the supply of agricultural means of production. Secondly, information asymmetry, an effective market depends on the ability of enterprises to obtain the information needed for production, sales and purchase in a timely manner, mainly the price information of goods. However, it is difficult for scattered small farmers to obtain complete, accurate and timely market information, and there is an information monopoly on farmers in the market. Some people who provide services and production materials for agriculture or purchase agricultural products deliberately conceal information for their own interests. Tell the farmers the truth. This information asymmetry causes distortions in the distribution of resources and increases the blindness of farmers in production, purchase and sales. In underdeveloped areas with poor market information and poor sales channels, small-area demonstration and trial planting of new products generally do not worry about sales. Once a large area is pushed out, sales will be a big problem. After farmers form cooperatives, on the one hand, they can reduce transaction costs, on the other hand, they are conducive to obtaining returns to scale. Cooperatives provide an institutional environment in which scattered individuals can unite to form mutual aid groups. On the premise of maintaining independent property subjects and business subjects, scattered farmers can reduce the sales cost per unit of agricultural products or the purchase cost of agricultural inputs and services through the combination of transaction links such as collective sales of agricultural products or collective purchase of agricultural inputs, and realize economies of scale before and after production. Second, in the production process, cooperatives enable farmers to smoothly connect with the market by providing information and technical services. First of all, joining the agricultural cooperative economic organization is conducive to reducing the cost of farmers to learn and use technology. The cooperative hires technical experts in the name of the organization to provide guidance. As long as the participating farmers can benefit, there is no need to pay additional learning fees. Or a skilled person in a cooperative who teaches technology to other members of the organization will also save farmers the cost of learning technology. Second, joining cooperatives helps increase the channels for farmers to adopt new technologies. The tasks of cooperatives are many, the most important of which is to provide members with advanced and applicable technology. Joining cooperatives helps increase farmers' access to new technologies. Thirdly, farmers' cooperatives are conducive to improving the efficiency of technology use and reducing the cost of agricultural technology extension. The use of some technologies has externalities, and the use of such technologies by one family will benefit neighboring farmers. Finally, in a cooperative, it is often those farmers who have the courage and dare to take risks to take the lead in adopting new technologies. Their exemplary role is conducive to increasing the enthusiasm of other farmers to use technology and reducing the risk of investing in new technologies. Third, to obtain scale gains and achieve economies of scale. Cooperatives can not only achieve pre-and post-natal economies of scale through centralized purchase and marketing, but also provide common services and generate additional income for grass-roots cooperatives through federations. After the cooperative has developed to a certain stage, it is necessary to unite in a larger scope, which can reduce transaction costs in a larger area, occupy a larger market share, and provide more services to its members. development trend by the end of November 2013, there were 950700 farmers' cooperatives registered according to law, with 72.21 million members, accounting for 27.8 percent of the total number of farmers. Cooperatives are playing a role in the construction of agricultural socialized service system that other subjects cannot match. In 2014 and a longer period of time, farmer cooperatives are showing a trend of integration, materialization and standardization, and are playing an increasingly important role in agricultural economic activities. Unification. The increasingly fierce market environment requires farmers' cooperatives to further improve their business scale and market competitiveness, and the establishment of cooperatives through "re cooperation" is undoubtedly the best way for cooperatives to become bigger and stronger. At present, Hubei, Shandong and other provinces have passed local laws and regulations on the establishment of cooperatives, and many provinces have also included provisions to promote the development of cooperatives in local laws and regulations on the development of cooperatives. It can be predicted that 2014 will be a year for the great alliance of cooperatives, and it will also be a year for exploring the way of "re cooperation" in the alliance and seeking the best interests of member societies. The united cooperatives have stronger service capabilities and more services for farmers. Materialized. In recent years, cooperatives have more and more substantive business operations, such as transferring land to build production bases, providing members with cheap and high-quality raw materials through the establishment of raw material production enterprises (such as feed factories of livestock and poultry production cooperatives), and establishing direct sales in urban communities to realize the docking of agricultural cooperatives. A large number of cooperatives are no longer satisfied with the loose cooperation of providing only members with information and technical services in the early stage, the shift to forming entities brought farmers closer together. In 2014, there will be more and more materialized cooperative societies, and the social services provided to members will be more practical and specific. Normalization. Materialization and demutualization are twins, and increasingly materialized cooperatives inevitably require all members to invest in shares, and the concentration of cooperative shares in a few people is bound to be fundamentally changed. The decentralization of shares also makes the general members more concerned about and participate in the decision-making of the cooperative, and constantly improve the decision-making mechanism of the cooperative. The standardized cooperatives in the union will also provide experience for other cooperatives and gradually standardize them. The Interim Measures for the Evaluation and Monitoring of National Farmer Professional Cooperative Demonstration Societies has been formally implemented on December 13, 2013. It has put forward higher requirements for national demonstration cooperatives in seven aspects: registration and establishment according to law, implementation of democratic management, standardized financial management, strong economic strength, obvious service effect, product (service) quality and safety, and good social reputation, it will inevitably lead to the standardized development of provincial, municipal and county demonstration cooperatives and all cooperatives. A standardized cooperative will inevitably provide its members with standardized, high-quality and comprehensive services.
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Luo Biliang: A simple expansion of the interpretation of resource characteristics in the "Coase theorem".Simple expansion of the interpretation of resource characteristics in the "Coase theorem". Luo Biliang my report is to make a simple extension of the "Coase theorem. The focus is on the characteristics of resources, which is an extension of the speech I gave at the annual meeting of institutional economics in Chongqing. As you know, when I was in Chongqing, I once said one of Coase's basic ideas: if the transaction cost is zero, how the property rights are arranged is not important; if the transaction cost is not zero, the property rights arrangement is important. Because property rights arrangements determine transaction costs, and different property rights arrangements imply different transaction costs, Coase always wants to find more effective property rights arrangements. The idea I want to clarify today is that this is not enough and should be further extended to trading methods. So, what determines property rights? We can discuss the problem in terms of the characteristics of goods, resources or products. The first topic: Are you worried about the extinction of chickens? How many chickens are eaten every day in the world? The corresponding question is, why do whales and elephants become endangered animals? This is a question of resource characteristics. From the point of view of property rights arrangement, elephants are usually public ownership, chickens are almost private products, which is the property rights characteristics determined by the characteristics of resources. Elephant public ownership is not good, according to the way of dichotomy, let private ownership is efficient? Coase's enterprise theory is the dichotomy-either enterprise, or market, he does not say the middle. Delaying from the characteristics of resources will inevitably involve the behavior ability of the property right subject. What are the characteristics of elephants? The individual is large, gregarious, and has a wide range of activities (as small as 40 square kilometers and as large as 3100 square kilometers). Do you dare to empower this elephant to you? Who knows where it will go tomorrow? Moreover, the life span can be as long as 100 years old. An adult elephant can eat 30-60 kilograms of physical objects, walk 3-6 kilometers a day, run up to 36 kilometers per hour, and have destructive behavior. Do you dare to ask for this thing? That's why I'm not planning on marrying a French actress. Therefore, this characteristic determines the different ways of acting subjects. There were 3-40000 elephants in Zimbabwe in the 1970 s and 6-70000 in the 1990 s, with more than 100000 elephants now, but the number of elephants in Africa has decreased from 1.2 million to 600000 in the same period. Now Zimbabwe is allowed to kill 200 elephants a year, but Kenya lost 80% of its elephants in the 1980 s. The reason why there is such a big contrast is that Zimbabwe has implemented a completely different system from other countries in Africa, that is, a collective property rights system similar to ours, while in other parts of Africa it is mainly public ownership. So we can conclude that resource characteristics have important property rights implications-classical theory says that private ownership is the most efficient of the institutional arrangements of various forms of ownership. But the conclusion just now tells us that private ownership is not efficient under all circumstances and under all conditions. The myth of private ownership must be broken. Not everything can be privatized everywhere. Because of this, the collective has the elephant, the private must have the chicken, this is the truth. The second topic: the previous discussion is a single resource utilization. Furthermore, what changes will happen to the property right when the single resource is used together to multiple resources? For example, to whom is a piece of farmland allocated? In terms of the divisibility, exclusiveness and behavior of the property right arrangement, the most effective property right arrangement is to the farmers. Because of the divisibility of land and the exclusivity of farmers, China's rural reforms were successful at first, but why did they go wrong afterwards? We know that arable land yields are determined by a variety of factors, such as soil quality, seeds, fertilization, plant protection, irrigation, field management, and irrigation conditions vary from region to region. If it is efficient to implement household farming in the southern hilly areas, it is not necessarily efficient in the arid areas of the North China Plain. Because the yield of an acre of land in the North China Plain does not first depend on the quality of the land, but is more determined by irrigation conditions. Our next question is, are the farmland irrigation facilities divisible, exclusive and behavioral? If the three characteristics are met, it is a well for each farmer. Obviously, this approach does not have economies of scale, and the use of relatively more scarce water resources is very inefficient. It should be acknowledged that the scarcity of water in North China is higher than that of arable land. Therefore, most of the situations we see are that irrigation facilities are provided as public goods or club goods-so this is the reason why we see the widespread destruction of water facilities after household contracting. For this reason, I conclude that it may not be the best way to implement family management in arid plains, nor is it necessarily appropriate to provide irrigation conditions as a public good, and that intermediate forms of organization and their property rights arrangements should be sought. Third topic: According to Coase's theorem, different property rights arrangements imply different transaction costs. The problem is that in the case of defined property rights, we find that over time, the original property rights arrangements imply very high transaction costs. What should we do? This will obviously face the "dilemma" between the stability of property rights and the efficiency of property rights. For example, the right to forest land. We know that it is very difficult to change the forest land after the right is confirmed, what should we do if the right has been confirmed? Therefore, from this point of view, for the situation that the right has been confirmed, or the property right has been defined, how to reduce the operating costs, or reduce the transaction costs, we need to do some further work. Coase obviously didn't do much of this work, and Williamson didn't do much either. On the contrary, Williamson tells us that public green space or city squares should be provided by the government, because this thing has asset specialization, indivisibility, non-exclusivity and consumer uncertainty, and what is more troublesome is that it is very difficult to measure consumer behavior. That is to say, it is very difficult for the construction of the square to be operated by private individuals, and it is very difficult to move towards marketization. My question is, must the government provide public green space? According to the Williamson paradigm to carry out the matching of property rights arrangement and property rights subject, will provide the government with sufficient reasons to "make mistakes. Therefore, further research should focus on reducing the scope of "public investment. We see that there is a troublesome problem in the green square that consumption qualification cannot be exclusive. If a lady wears a beautiful coat, are you going to charge those "slouching" guys? Therefore, people have come up with a very "talented" way-to change the way of trading-to "walk the show" through the catwalk ". Practice can teach us many things. I was once personally involved in planning the construction of a public square. Let's imagine: what are the characteristics of the square. What are the valuable properties of popularity? Commercial and real estate development value. Why can't we combine the development of green squares, shopping malls and real estate? So there is a real case ("hanging green square" in Zengcheng City, Guangdong Province): first, plan, delimit the scope of the green square, and allocate shopping malls and commercial houses around the square. The following operations are: to induce developers with development rights, to exchange shopping malls for squares, and to flourishing squares with squares. As a result, a "win-win" market-oriented pattern has been formed-(1) developers have the enthusiasm to invest: green space protection can make commercial housing easy to sell and obtain rich rental returns in shopping malls;(2) the original residents are willing to replace and relocate: the living environment is good, the real estate can appreciate;(3) the merchants are willing to rent: good location, good environment and good popularity;(4) the citizens have a good leisure and shopping environment. Therefore, we conclude that the government is not necessarily the best provider of public goods. There is another example, but I can't continue to play with you. Because I'm running out of time. Thank you all. [Luo Biliang, Dean, Professor, Doctoral Supervisor, School of Economics and Management, South China Agricultural University. This article is a revised version of the author's speech at the "Ronald Coase Thought Symposium" on December 29, 2013, with the title added by the editor] http://www.china-review.com/eao.asp?id=33841 2014-4-5