Research
Society research, members' papers, annual reports, and proceedings
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Rural Revitalization Strategy under the Background of Big Data EraBig data has brought huge development opportunities for rural revitalization, and injected new impetus into the construction of smart agriculture and beautiful villages. Through the combination with the Internet of Things, cloud computing, Internet and other technologies, the construction of smart agriculture will accelerate my country's progress from a large agricultural country to an agricultural power; the construction of government information platforms and public opinion databases will make rural governance democratic and scientific decision-making At the same time, the construction of data cloud storage and Internet remote service systems allows medical services and educational resources to be shared between urban and rural areas, and continuously promotes the process of urban-rural integration; with the help of ecological detection system and natural resource database, people can effectively monitor the ecological environment and realize the scientific allocation of natural resources, which provides strong support for the construction of beautiful countryside. Published: 2018-7-18 | Editor: Xu WeiPDF
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Lowering the minimum purchase price of wheat and rice aims to better cultivate a high-quality and high-price mechanism.The state has comprehensively lowered the minimum purchase price of wheat and rice in order to enable the mechanism of high quality and good price to play a decisive role and take the road of high-quality grain development. Therefore, whether the minimum purchase price policy is implemented in the future will usually no longer play a supporting effect, so the impact on the formation of grain market prices is very limited. Release date: 2018-7-05 | Editor: Xu WeiPDF
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The Influence of Sino-US Trade Friction on China's Agriculture and Its EnlightenmentChina's use of imported agricultural products as countermeasures against Sino-US trade frictions will not only not cause a substantial increase in the prices of agricultural products and food, but will help the healthy operation of China's agricultural product market and help create a favorable development environment for China's agriculture. Release date: 2018-4-20 | Editor: Xu WeiPDF
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Development Characteristics and Future Prospects of China's Agricultural Products Trade in 2017According to the current macroeconomic development situation at home and abroad, the supply and demand situation of global agricultural products and the influence of national policies, it is predicted that China's grain, cotton, oil, sugar and other bulk agricultural products will continue to be fully net imported in the future, and the export market of agricultural products will be diversified. Published: 2018-4-25 | Editor: Xu WeiPDF
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Increase opening to the outside world and improve China's agricultural competitivenessIt is imperative to increase the level of opening up of agriculture to the outside world. The core of improving the core competitiveness of China's agriculture is to increase yields, reduce costs, and strive to move from a large agricultural country to an agricultural power. 2018-04 | Responsible Editor: Cheng XiaotianPDF
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Land reform should strike a balance between protecting farmers' interests and agricultural efficiencyWe can neither copy the land system of Europe and the United States, nor copy the protection system of agriculture in Japan and South Korea. The core of the land system is to strike a balance between the protection of farmers' interests and the improvement of agricultural competitiveness. Published: 2016-06 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Comprehensive measures to stimulate the minimum purchase price market vitalityTo reform the minimum grain purchase price policy, we must properly handle the relationship between the central and local governments, international and domestic, government and market, industry upstream and downstream, financial affordability and protection of farmers' interests, rational resolution of inventory and promotion of planting structure adjustment. Release date: 2017-07-01 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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The Logic and Thinking of China's Grain Price Policy ReformThe increasingly serious problems such as high grain stocks and surge in imports highlight the urgency of reforming grain price policies such as temporary storage. At present, China's grain price policy adjustment mechanism has been formed, is at an important juncture of reform. The reduction of temporary storage prices in 2015 is a transitional adjustment. Although it is conducive to protecting the interests of grain farmers, it may not help alleviate the current high corn inventory problem, and the policy adjustment is far from in place. On the contrary, if supporting measures are not taken in time, corn stocks may continue to increase in 2015, and it may also cause more serious new problems. It is suggested that in accordance with the idea of "directional policy, separation of price compensation, innovative regulation and comprehensive supporting", we should adopt the combined reform mode of "withdrawing grain price support" and "grain income subsidy", innovate the grain regulation system, and make the grain price adjustment in place in two or three years, so as to form a grain price formation mechanism based on market pricing and a farmers' interest protection mechanism with direct subsidies as the main body. To make a prompt decision, according to the "classification of disposal, phased digestion" idea, reduce the price of sales to deal with grain storage stocks. Published: 2016-02 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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The actual state of family farm development and policy support: international experienceFamily farms are the most common agricultural operators in most countries around the world. There are some differences in the definition and identification conditions of family farms in different countries. However, all countries agree on some core definition elements and key identification conditions of family farms. Family farms in developed countries are characterized by diverse types, high degree of specialization, gradual reduction in number, increasing scale of operation, self-management and family members as the main labor force, high degree of industrial organization and diversification of farm income sources. The formation and development of family farms in developed countries are inseparable from the corresponding institutional environment and support policies. Among them, the agricultural land system is the basic institutional environment, the government support policy is a strong backing, the agricultural education and training system is an important propeller, and the agricultural society The service system is an important support. Release date: 2014-06 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Problems and Solutions of Implementing the New Strategy of Precision Poverty AlleviationOver the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's poverty alleviation work has made remarkable achievements, from widespread poverty, regional poverty to basic to solve the transformation of poverty, the number of people living in poverty has decreased by 0.67 billion compared with 1978, becoming the first country in the world to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of people living in poverty. However, our country still faces an arduous task of poverty alleviation. The latest data show that there are still 70.71 million poor people in rural areas in China by 2014, and the problem of lagging development in poor areas has not been fundamentally changed. At present, there are only five years to achieve a well-off society in 2020, and poverty alleviation is very urgent. According to the changes in the situation, it is an important task and a major responsibility for our country to adjust the poverty alleviation strategy in a timely manner and effectively achieve "real poverty alleviation and real poverty alleviation. Release date: 2015-08 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Reflections on the Scale of Agricultural Management in ChinaOnly by expanding the scale of the farm above the bottom line of farm economic sustainability can there be a chance to alleviate a series of other problems in agriculture, otherwise any agricultural policy measures will actually only cure the symptoms rather than the root cause. This moderate scale varies from time to time and from place to place, and we should pay attention to the comparison of country, industry and policy objectives, and adopt appropriate ways and means according to the local conditions at that time. Published: 2016-09 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Analysis on the Operation of Village-level Collective EconomyIn 2014, in order to cooperate with the National Survey Team's Thousand Villages Survey Plan, the Jiangsu Survey Team of the National Bureau of Statistics and the Rural Development Research Institute of the Academy of Social Sciences jointly organized and implemented a questionnaire survey on the operation of the rural economy in Jiangsu. This survey randomly sampled 49 administrative villages in 49 counties (cities, districts) (16 in southern Jiangsu, 13 in central Jiangsu, and 20 in northern Jiangsu). Bao Zongshun investigated the operation of the collective economy of 49 sample villages (total income, total expenditure, assets and liabilities, economic operation capacity and community stock cooperatives) in his article "Analysis of the Operation of the Village Collective Economy", and found that the average collective income level of Jiangsu villages is very high, but the gap between regions and between villages is large; there are obvious differences in village collective expenditure between regions; there is a large gap between the north and the south of village collective total assets; the structure of village collective liabilities is non-production and operating liabilities, and the construction unit becomes the main creditor of village collective liabilities. Zhou Chunfang pointed out in the article "Investigation and Analysis on the Scale Management and Circulation of Land in Jiangsu" that the scale of land management of farmers in Jiangsu has been divided, which is manifested as the coexistence of landless farmers and large operators. Under the national conditions of more people and less land, land circulation is the premise and foundation to realize the scale management of agriculture, to further promote agricultural scale management, we need to deepen the rural land reform system, establish a benign mechanism of land circulation, improve the level of rural social security and promote the "people-oriented" urbanization strategy. From Cao Mingxia's "Analysis of Household Income and Expenditure and Property Situation of Jiangsu Farmers", it can be found that the per capita income of Jiangsu farmers is much higher than the national level, and the living consumption expenditure of farmers is mainly daily expenses, and the main family property mainly includes contracted land, homestead, housing and household large durable consumer goods. In view of the difficulty of increasing the income of farmers in Jiangsu Province, this paper also puts forward the strategies of deepening rural reform, developing modern agriculture and accelerating the innovation of agricultural science and technology system. Release date: September 30, 2015 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Four Elements of Cultivating New Agricultural Management EntitiesRelease Date: August 10, 2015 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Can Land Stock Cooperative System Reduce the Transaction Cost of Farmland Transfer? -- A Sample Survey from 300 Villages in Jiangsu ProvinceThe transfer of agricultural labor has brought opportunities to the breeding of China's agricultural land market, and the reform of the agricultural land system, especially the strengthening of contractual management rights, has promoted the development of the agricultural land market. While supporting these early research views, this paper also analyzes the role of agricultural land transfer intermediary organizations in promoting agricultural land transfer. Based on the questionnaire survey data of 300 villages in Jiangsu Province, this paper uses PSM method to eliminate the problems of selective deviation and endogenicity, and uses Tobit and other models for empirical analysis. The results show that land stock cooperatives play an important role in the circulation and concentration of agricultural land and the participation of a variety of new business entities in agriculture. Through the intermediary role of cooperatives in land circulation, transaction costs can be saved and the circulation of land management rights can be accelerated. Release Date: January 20, 2015 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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The nature of property rights, the heterogeneity of institutional investors and investment efficiency-based on the empirical evidence of China's agricultural listing Corporation【Author】 Zhu Xinkai; Xu Xingmei; school of Agriculture and Rural Development, Renmin University of China; International College, Renmin University of China; 【Abstract】 Based on the unbalanced panel data of China's agricultural listed companies from 1999 to 2014, this paper studies the relationship among property rights, institutional investor heterogeneity and investment efficiency. It can be found that institutional investor ownership helps to overcome the inefficient investment of agricultural listed companies, but this governance effect is only reflected in private holding companies, and is limited in state-owned holding companies. Further examining the heterogeneity of institutional investors in private holding companies (divided into stable institutional investors and trading institutional investors), the results show that compared with trading institutional investors, stable institutional investors play a more active role as supervisors in overcoming the inefficient investment of agricultural listed companies. Careful consideration of the different governance scenarios of agricultural listed companies will help to promote the real governance function of institutional investors according to local conditions. 【Key words】 Property Rights; Heterogeneity of Institutional Investors; Investment Efficiency; [Fund] The phased results of the Ministry of Agriculture's soft science research project "Research on the Integration and Development of the One, Two and Three Industries" (Project No. D201603) [Journal Column] Economy and Management (No. 01, 2016) responsible Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Is there really a surplus of food in China?【Author】 Zhu Xinkai; Xia Wei; [Abstract] <positive> [China's grain not only has no surplus, but also has a huge demand gap. At present, the generally accepted "tight balance" is the false equilibrium under the continuous high-intensity government support policy] core point of view: 1. The current generally accepted "tight balance" of food supply and demand is a false equilibrium with market distortion, but in fact it is unbalanced and there is a huge demand gap. 2. As a rapidly developing economy and populous country, the connotation of supply and demand is constantly developing and changing, and imbalance is the norm. 【Key words】 demand gap; imbalance; food supply and demand; food security; food security; feed grain; growth rate; food supply and demand; food subsidies; food production; [Journal Column] Market_Observation (01, 2016)PDF
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Du Zhixiong: Rural Reform and Experiment from the "Three Characteristics" of Reform[Abstract]] focusing on systematicness, integrity and synergy is an important principle and method for comprehensively deepening reform. Rural reform is an important part of comprehensively deepening reform, and rural reform is increasingly "affecting the whole body". Taking the reform "three characteristics" as the analysis framework, in view of the reality of the rural reform experiment, several problems worthy of attention in the process of rural reform and experiment are discussed in depth, and based on the analysis conclusions, four aspects of thinking and suggestions to improve the rural reform experiment are put forward. Key words] systematicness; integrity; synergy; "three characteristics"; traditional Chinese medicine reform; rural reform and experiment; suggestion fund project] phased Achievements of Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the process of comprehensively deepening reform, the formulation of focusing on systematicness, integrity and synergy was first put forward by General Secretary Xi Jinping. In December 2012, when Comrade Xi Jinping visited Shenzhen for the first time after serving as General Secretary, he emphasized that it is necessary to "enhance the systematicness, integrity and synergy of reforms" (referred to as the "three characteristics"), so that reforms will not stop and opening up. Stop. Then, during the second collective study of the 18th Politburo on December 31, 2012, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized for the second time: to strengthen macro thinking and top-level design, and pay more attention to the systematicness, integrity, and coordination of reforms; Reform and opening up is a systematic project. We must adhere to comprehensive reforms and advance in the coordination of various reforms. We must pay more attention to the mutual promotion, benign interaction, overall advancement, and key breakthroughs of various reforms, to form a strong synergy to promote reform and opening up. In the decision adopted at the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in 2013, when putting forward the general goal of comprehensively deepening reform, it was emphasized that more attention must be paid to the systematicness, integrity, and coordination of reform. this is also the first time that reform should pay attention to the "three characteristics" of systematicness, integrity, and coordination in a party document. Reform should pay attention to the "three characteristics". Obviously, what we are discussing is the methodology of reform, which is very different from the situation in the past, which only emphasizes reform and does not pay enough attention to the principles and methods of reform. So, what is the "three characteristics" of the reform method? Why should we emphasize that the reform should pay attention to the "three characteristics"? How to realize the "three characteristics" in the reform? How to embody the "three characteristics" in the rural reform? Based on the investigation of several rural reform pilot areas in China, this paper gives preliminary answers to these questions. The rest of the article is arranged as follows: the second part explains why we should pay attention to the "three characteristics" reform method from both theoretical logic and realistic logic; the third part takes the reform "three characteristics" method as the analytical framework to analyze several problems that need to be solved in the rural reform experiment; the fourth part puts forward some thoughts and suggestions to improve the rural reform experiment from the perspective of paying attention to the "three characteristics" of reform. Reasons for 2. Paying Attention to the Principle and Method of "Three-character" Reform why should we pay attention to the principle and method of "three characteristics" in comprehensively deepening reform? The understanding of this problem can be carried out from two levels of theoretical logic and practical needs. (I) theory logic 1. Systematicness is the philosophical basis for comprehensively deepening reform. Materialist dialectics holds that everything in the world is in universal connection, and the whole world is a unity composed of various things. Comprehensively deepening reform is a grand social system project, and we must adhere to systematic thinking. It is necessary to control and grasp the direction and main line of reform in system design, and handle the relationship between point and surface, local and overall, innovative exploration and top-level design. 2. Integrity is the endogenous logic of comprehensively deepening reform. Integrity is the internal logic of the development of objective things and the basic attribute of the system. This attribute requires that the understanding of things must adhere to the principle of the integrity of the system, and any problem must be dealt with from the integrity of the problem-not only to clarify the system composition, but also to clarify the relationship between the various components of the system# Any intervention (reform measure) imposed on this system must be compatible with the system composition and its interrelationship. Only in this way can the overall effect of the intervention be highlighted. 3. Synergy is an inevitable requirement for comprehensively deepening reform. Reform involves all aspects. The deeper the reform, the more relevant and dependent the reform in the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, party building, military and national defense construction (51) will be, and the reform in any field may affect other fields. In order to make the reform more successful and thorough, it is required that reforms in other areas should be coordinated and coordinated with each other. At the same time, the reform tasks are numerous and complicated, and it is impossible to achieve them overnight. It is necessary to advance as a whole, make breakthroughs in key points, and implement them step by step. Synergy requires that the process of reform should "continue in time and coexist in space". Reforms in the five major fields and partial reforms within the five major fields cannot be fully promoted at one point in time. Therefore, reforms should be inherited and connected from each other in time, and should cooperate and support each other in space.# Reform is a process with a starting point and no end point, and is always on the road, in the process of coordinated promotion, we should control the timing and rhythm of reform, stimulate the vitality of all subjects, and make the reform of all links and fields form a joint force and positive interaction. (II) realistic needs starting from reality, it is also of great significance to pay attention to the comprehensive deepening reform of the "three characteristics. 1. Focusing on the "three characteristics" is the result of reflecting on the ways and means of previous reforms. In the past, there were many reform practices and various ways, but on the whole, there were two main characteristics: one was crossing the river by feeling the stones, and the other was that one-way local breakthroughs were more than the overall and coordinated advancement of the system. The current reform is to tackle tough problems. It is to gnaw hard bones. It is to sink deep water. It is difficult to touch a stone. It is also difficult to judge whether it is touching a stone. At the same time, the relationship between the various fields involved in the reform is closer, and it is more "pulling one hair and moving the whole body". Therefore, the reform of treating the head with headache and foot pain is no longer feasible. It is necessary to change the reform of "traditional Chinese medicine" by "western medicine" focusing on "three characteristics. The emphasis on the "three characteristics" in the reform is the result of reflecting on the methods and methods of previous reforms, and it is the embodiment of the party and the government's good at summing up experience, "the courage to correct mistakes, and continuous self-improvement. 2. Paying attention to the "three characteristics" is an inevitable requirement for solving major practical problems and avoiding the shortcomings of previous reforms. There is no need to repeat the achievements of previous reforms, but crossing the river by feeling the stones and the rapid reform of individual soldiers have also produced many problems that the people are extremely dissatisfied with-the increasing disparity between the rich and the poor, the high incidence of corruption, the continuous deterioration of the environment, and the insufficient protection of people's livelihood. Wait, this kind of reform deviates from the Pareto-type characteristics of the reform. These problems brought about by the past reform should be solved by deepening the reform. Furthermore, to ensure that the comprehensive deepening of reforms does not repeat the situation that "there may be more problems than solved" in the past reforms, and to achieve the goal of Pareto improved reforms, the only way to focus on the "three characteristics". 3. Paying attention to the "three characteristics" is the means and support to achieve the goal of comprehensively deepening reform. The Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee (the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on several major issues of comprehensively deepening reform) proposed that the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform is to improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics; promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities. This goal itself is strategic and thus reflects the "three characteristics. At the same time, it is also proposed to speed up the development of the "five-in-one" strategic new layout of socialist market economy, democratic politics, advanced culture, harmonious society, and ecological civilization, and the substantial promotion of this "five-in-one" strategic new layout depends on reform. rely on systematic, holistic and coordinated reform! 4. Paying attention to the "three characteristics" is the fundamental guarantee for realizing scientific development and realizing the Chinese dream of the comprehensive rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Reform is not an end in itself, but a means. Reform should realize its transformation from instrumental rationality to value rationality -- the purpose of comprehensively deepening reform is to realize scientific development and realize the Chinese dream of the comprehensive rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. What is the state of scientific development? Everyone may have their own understanding of this. There is a saying in the resolution of the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, that is, "let the vitality of all labor, knowledge, technology, management, and capital burst out, let all sources of social wealth flow fully, and let the fruits of development benefit all the people more and more equitably". It is conceivable that if these "three quests" are realized, will we be far from the essence of socialism with Chinese characteristics, "people-oriented, common prosperity and social justice? In short, no matter from the theoretical logic of reform or the practical needs, comprehensively deepening reform must pay attention to the "three characteristics". Only by paying attention to the "three characteristics" can we achieve scientific development and truly "improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics; promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity". Some Notable Problems in the Pilot Rural Reform in 3. Rural reform is an important part of comprehensively deepening reform. In designing the content, methods and steps of rural reform, we must also strengthen and pay attention to the "three characteristics". At the same time, experimenting first is the successful experience of my country's rural reform, and it is necessary to highlight the first trial in the comprehensive deepening of reforms. Recently, the author has the opportunity to investigate and evaluate the new round of rural reform experiments led by the leaders of the Central Village Work Leading Group in December 2011 and led by the Ministry of Agriculture. From the perspective of focusing on the "three characteristics" of reform, the following issues deserve attention. Relevance and synergy among rural reforms in (I) many reforms are related, and whether the reform measures can achieve the expected results depends to a large extent on the matching situation of the relevant "synergy reform. In recent years, a typical case of the relevance and synergy of rural reform is that people are generally concerned about the mortgage loan of collective construction land such as agricultural land and rural homestead. In fact, this is a systematic and highly synergistic problem. Rural land mortgage first involves the integrity of agricultural land and construction land rights, and secondly involves the legal qualification of whether it can be mortgaged. Even if these obstacles are gone, it will eventually involve whether a land capital can be cashed and settled in the market. Therefore, the existence of a fully functional and realizable land transaction market is necessary. Otherwise, if the bank cannot realize the mortgaged land, the bank's enthusiasm cannot be too high. Now academic research, policy discussions, reform experiments, etc., pay much more attention to the first two than to the settlement of the bank mortgage land market. The experiment of the reform of the management system and mechanism of innovative agricultural support funds in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, illustrates the importance of the relevance and synergy between various rural reforms from both positive and negative aspects. Bijie is a typical poverty-stricken area. Since the reform and opening up, the higher-level departments have provided a large amount of financial support for agriculture in Bijie. However, due to the imperfect system and mechanism of financial support for agriculture, the limited financial support for agriculture has not been maximized. Benefit, it is even more difficult to play the leading role of "four or two allocations. In view of this situation, the theme of Bijie's rural reform experiment is to innovate the management system and mechanism of financial support for agriculture, and to explore the fund integration mechanism with project integration to avoid institutional obstacles as the core. There are certain conditions for whether this approach can achieve results: first, there must be strong organizational leadership. Otherwise, it is impossible to have a unified, coordinated and complementary project declaration at the county level. The second is to have scientific planning to lead. Otherwise, the more funds are integrated, the greater the waste may result. Third, there should be a fund supervision mechanism to support the integrated use of# funds, the effectiveness of departmental supervision will be reduced, thus requiring new supervision to supplement and replace the original supervision measures. In order to solve these possible problems, Bijie City has carried out a number of supporting reform measures. First, do the planning. Bijie Experimental Zone adopts planning first to plan and determine projects. The establishment of a project library starts from the source of budgeting and realizes fund integration through project integration, thus avoiding institutional obstacles. Second, pay attention to the participation of farmers in the implementation of the project. The construction of small rural infrastructure such as Lianhu Road and Yuanba cement hardening does not engage in bidding, but allows farmers to do it themselves, which not only ensures the quality of work, but also promotes the increase of farmers' employment and income, and can also solve the problem of insufficient project funds. In a broader sense, this approach also provides a carrier for promoting rural democratization, mobilizing farmers to participate in community public affairs, and improving rural governance. Third, the establishment of a fund supervision mechanism# Department project funds have relatively standardized application "approval, supervision, acceptance procedures. After the integration of project funds of various departments, whether the safety of funds can be guaranteed is an important issue facing the integration of funds. In terms of fund supervision, Bijie Experimental Zone has innovated new ways of fund supervision, ensured the safety of funds, and formed a relatively mature and innovative experience. In the supervision of agricultural support projects, strengthen the supervision, inspection and audit of the establishment, use, management, project management and protection of agricultural project funds, encourage supervision from all walks of life, and build financial and industry supervision "audit supervision, social supervision, and discipline inspection supervision A multi-level and all-round supervision and inspection system for agricultural support projects with the participation of all parties, including counties (districts), townships (towns), villages and groups. In particular, Bijie City has set up a special supervision group for people's livelihood projects in villages and towns, a supervision committee for people's livelihood work in villages, and a supervision group for people's livelihood work in villagers' groups, thus realizing the forward and downward shift of the focus of supervision over funds for supporting agriculture projects. In the form of supervision, the establishment of the "agricultural capital consensus network" network supervision platform, SMS notification platform, telephone inquiry platform, public announcement column five complementary supervision carriers# survey found that Bijie City attaches great importance to the reform of the "three characteristics" of the working method has produced good results, the infrastructure in some areas has been significantly improved in a relatively short period of time, farmers' income has been greatly improved. However, the reform of the Bijie Experimental Zone is a partial exploration under the condition that the fragmentation of financial funds for supporting agriculture has not changed. At present, there are many management departments for supporting agriculture projects in China, many channels for fund allocation, inconsistent project application time, and different acceptance methods for projects. A considerable part of the funds for supporting agriculture are still used in a scattered way. This limitation of reform illustrates the importance of focusing on the "three-sex" approach to reform in another way. The relationship between the direct effect of (II) reform and the overall effect and potential impact the effect and impact of any reform initiative are multifaceted. According to the "three characteristics" reform method, we should not only pay attention to the direct effect of the reform, but also attach great importance to the long-term effect and potential impact of the reform. However, some rural reform pilot areas do not pay enough attention to the overall effect and impact of the reform, resulting in the situation that "there may be more new problems than solved problems" as mentioned above. Taking the urban-rural integration system construction experiment in Xinxiang City, Henan Province as an example, the city regards the construction of new rural communities as the integration point of overall urban and rural development, the entry point of promoting urban-rural integration, and the growth point of promoting rural development. The principle of "voluntary, industry-based, employment-oriented, livelihood first, and acting according to one's ability" integrates the planning of 3571 administrative villages in the city into 900 communities. By the end of 2014, the city had started the construction of 352 new rural communities, completed all kinds of capital investment of 38.96 billion yuan, completed the construction of houses) 39.196 million square meters, and occupied 142000 households. The survey found that the exploration of Xinxiang City has produced many positive effects, such as the conservation and utilization of rural land resources, the living and living conditions of farmers have been significantly improved in a relatively short period of time, and the efficiency of government public resources investment has been improved, and so on. However, this kind of exploration also triggers a series of joint and chain effects that deserve attention. The capacity for sustainable rural development is weakened. After the merger of villages, the right to development of agricultural land was weakened due to the conversion of rural land into construction land for development and utilization. In the village renovation through the linkage of land increase and decrease and "human-land linkage", the vacated construction land needs to be re-cultivated, and some of it is also classified as permanent basic farmland, and collectives and farmers have lost the space to develop non-agricultural industries. Even in those villages that are not linked to land increase or decrease, most of the construction land vacated by them is used by enterprises for development. The forms of development include building houses for sale, using surplus construction land indicators to develop non-agricultural industries, etc. Collective and farmers still have no space to develop non-agricultural industries. 2. The livelihood security of farmers is threatened# The merger of villages has disintegrated the traditional livelihood model of farmers. First, village mergers are often accompanied by the transfer of land to new agricultural business entities, and the function of land to provide farmers with employment and old-age security is further weakened. Second, the offspring of farmers will no longer enjoy the free use of homestead. Third, the commercialization of farmers' lifestyles has increased the cost of living. Fourth, the living environment of farmers is no longer a society of acquaintances, and the mechanism of mutual aid among villagers has weakened. A potential threat to food security. Xinxiang City is a national commodity grain base, a high-quality wheat production base and a grain and livestock product production and processing base in Henan Province. Innovating the mechanism of food security, cultivated land protection and land intensive and economical use is an important experimental content of Xinxiang experimental area. At the practical level, Xinxiang City tries to ensure the output rate of arable land by strengthening the construction of high-standard grain fields and innovating agricultural management mechanisms; through comprehensive land improvement and exploring the policy of linking people to land, solve the contradiction between agriculture, industry and urban land, so as to ensure the amount of arable land. However, this logical and reasonable reform idea has encountered challenges in practice. Whether it is the "increase or decrease link" of urban and rural construction land, the comprehensive improvement of land, or the "link between people and land", the vast majority or even all farmers in a village are required to complete the demolition of old and new buildings in a relatively short period of time, so as to ensure the increase of cultivated land quantity and the increase of urban construction land index through the reclamation of old villages. However, there is a general difference in the willingness of farmers to demolish the old and build new ones in the village renovation. Differences in family economic status, population size and structure, nature and location of employment, quality, area and location of old houses will affect farmers' willingness to participate in demolishing old and building new ones. If some farmers are unwilling to demolish the old and build new ones, the old villages will be difficult to reclaim, and the amount of arable land will not increase but will face the risk of reduction. Moreover, concentrated residence has accelerated the transfer of farmers' contracted land to companies and large producers. However, the planting structure after the transfer of rural land presents the phenomenon of non-agricultural and non-grain, and the risk of food security is further highlighted. (III) existing policies and laws and coordination between different laws reform and innovation must undoubtedly conform to existing policies, laws, and regulations, but policies, laws, and regulations are always lagging behind. At the same time, there are inconsistencies between national policies, between policies and laws, and between various laws. The survey found that the above situation hindered the smooth progress of rural reform experiments. Taking the reform of rural collective property rights system as an example, the lag of law has become an important obstacle to the reform of rural collective property rights system. For example, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee (decision) proposed: "Stabilize the rural land contract relationship and maintain long-term unchanged"! Is the long-term immutability of the land contractual relationship equivalent to the long-term immutability of the land contractual management right? When Chengdu carried out the experiment of urban-rural integration, it proposed that farmers who are members of rural collective economic organizations should be given the right to confirm and issue iron evidence for rural collective land and other resource assets. With regard to compensation for land expropriation, the Chengdu government adopts the policy of "who is expropriated and who is compensated. However, in the distribution of land acquisition compensation income, there is the problem of the invalidation of farmers' land confirmation rights, and some farmers are required to divide the compensation among all members of the collective economic organization according to the existing legal requirements, so that the interest demands can be realized. The Beijing Municipal Government also stipulates that "when land acquisition for national construction is encountered, whether it is land compensation for farmers' contracted land, villagers' homesteads, collective construction land, etc., it shall be distributed equally or equally according to the members of the collective economic organization when the land acquisition plan is determined. Quantify". This situation actually reflects the contradiction between laws and the contradiction between laws and policies. (Property Law) Article 59 stipulates that the real and movable property owned by farmers collectively belongs to the collective members; (Rural Land Contract Law) Article 5 also stipulates the rights of members. The above-mentioned legal provisions relate to the farmers' right to membership of agricultural land, which implies that! The idea of "natural land rights" is an individual right that dies with the departure or death of a member. The Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee (decision) proposed: "Give farmers more adequate and secure land contractual management rights, and the existing land contracting relationship must remain stable and unchanged for a long time"! Article 26 of the (Rural Land Contract Law) stipulates: "During the contract period, the employer shall not take back the contracted land!" Article 27 states: "During the contract period, the contractor shall not adjust the contracted land!" Article 32 stipulates: "The right to land contractual management obtained through family contracting may be transferred by subletting, exchange, transfer or other means in accordance with the law! "The above-mentioned legal provisions relate to farmers' usufruct rights over agricultural land, which implies the principle of property rights that life does not increase and death does not decrease. In practice, individual rights and property rights are bound to conflict, and the claims of both rights can find a legal basis. For another example, in the reform of the rural collective property rights system to protect the rights and interests of women, especially married women, there are also contradictions and conflicts between laws. Article 32 of the newly revised (Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests) in 2005 stipulates that women enjoy equality with men in the management of rural contracted land, the distribution of income from collective economic organizations, the use of compensation for land acquisition or acquisition, and the use of homesteads. Rights; Article 33 stipulates that no organization or individual may infringe on women's rights in rural collective economic organizations on the grounds that women are unmarried, married, divorced, divorced, or widowed. However, China's (villagers' committee autonomy law) provides for villagers' self-determination, which can be passed with the consent of more than 2/3 villagers in making decisions on village affairs. Although Article 20 (Law of Villagers' Committee Autonomy) stipulates that the articles of villagers' autonomy, village rules and regulations, and matters discussed and decided by villagers' meetings or village representatives shall not conflict with the Constitution, laws, regulations and national policies, and shall not infringe upon the contents of villagers' personal rights, democratic rights and legitimate property rights, it does not stipulate how to review the articles of autonomy and village rules and regulations formulated by villagers, how to correct the provisions in the village rules and regulations that violate the law. This situation has led villagers in many places to deprive "married women" of their legitimate rights and interests on the grounds that the state implements villager autonomy, ignoring the basic national policy of equality between men and women and the provisions of the (Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and interests). The Relationship between (IV) Unified Guidance and Local-oriented the reform method of focusing on the "three characteristics" requires that the relationship between the central and local governments be handled well in the experimental work of rural reform. In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of the local government, the rural reform pilot area has adopted the implementation method of "unified guidance. However, the main leaders and work ideas in some places have the problem of poor stability and continuity. In some places, reform experiments have changed with the main leaders and their work ideas, making it difficult to carry out normally. The assessment found that some places simply abandoned some of the original set of test subjects and test content. For example, the experimental contents of Xinxiang Experimental Zone are four: coordinated development of urbanization and new rural construction, food security and intensive and economical use of land, reform of rural property rights system, and social management system integrating urban and rural areas. However, after the start of the experiment, Henan Province and Xinxiang City have strongly promoted the construction of new rural communities, taking the construction of new rural communities as the entry point for the overall planning of urban and rural development and the integration of urban and rural areas. In this case, the reform experiment of Xinxiang experimental area revolves around how to establish a new type of rural community. In some places, selective and responsive reform experiments are adopted, that is, "pilot projects" are carried out within their jurisdiction, while the scope of the pilot projects is very small, even limited to a certain administrative village. Thoughts and Suggestions on 4. Improving Rural Reform Experiment the relevance and synergy between (I) and rural reforms should be well matched. In order to solve the problem of the relevance and coordination of various reform measures in the reform experiment and the serious fragmentation phenomenon in the reform experiment pilot, the measures that can be selected are: first, strengthen the research on the relevance of various reforms, and clarify which reforms are strong and which are weak. Second, when determining the test theme and content of the test area, fully consider the preliminary basis of the test area and the completion of other reforms that are strongly related to the test theme and content. Third, we should encourage the rural reform pilot areas to include the reform experiments in various fields in rural areas, especially the reform items put forward by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, into the pilot areas as far as possible, so as to facilitate the coordinated promotion of various reforms and give full play to the comprehensive effects of the experimental areas. The direct effect of the (II) reform experiment needs to be well balanced with the overall effect and potential impact. Reform is a means, not an end. Whether the reform achieves its goal should not only look at its direct benefits, but also its possible negative effects and potential impacts. In order to take into account the relationship between the direct effect of the reform experiment and the overall effect and potential impact, the key measure is to build an evaluation system, carry out the ex post evaluation of the reform effect in time, and revise and adjust the reform path and content in time according to the evaluation results. In order to implement the "three characteristics" of the reform, it is necessary to introduce a lifelong system of decision-making accountability to prevent blind and unscientific decision-making. The relationship between (III) reform experiments and existing policies and laws needs to be addressed reform and innovation must undoubtedly conform to existing policies, laws, and regulations, but policies, laws, and regulations are always lagging behind. Reform and innovation will inevitably have an impact on certain systems and even some lower-level laws. The important purpose of the reform experiment is to upgrade the correct measures that have been tested in practice at the bottom to policies, laws, and regulations, and to institutionalize the results of the reform experiment. The central government has clearly pointed out that the rural reform pilot area is allowed to break through certain policies and systems in accordance with the law during the experiment. However, due to the lack of clear regulations on the content and degree of breakthroughs, some local reforms and innovations are not active enough, and they always try to circumvent policies and laws instead of choosing breakthroughs and innovations. It should be said that this choice of the experimental area is normal and rational, but the value and effect of the reform have been reduced accordingly. In view of the possible contradictions between reform experiments and policies, laws and regulations, we believe that as long as the general direction of reform in the pilot area is consistent with the spirit of socialist legislation and grasp the direction, we can boldly explore. In order to further stimulate the innovative spirit at the grass-roots level, the following measures are proposed: first, the relevant departments of the central government allow approved pilot projects to break through the policies and systems in relevant fields, and make a specific list of the contents and scope that can be broken through. Second, the central government has clearly given the rural reform pilot area the "right to trial and error". The test is not equal to demonstration, and the results of the test include confirmation and falsification. The test is successful and can be promoted as a demonstration experience. Even if the test fails, it is meaningful and can provide reference for other places to avoid detours. Third, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress agrees that the pilot area will not implement the relevant provisions of the relevant laws that are not conducive to the theme and content of the reform during the trial period. Fourth, strengthen the communication between the relevant central departments and the experimental areas, and make a normative summary and affirmation of the innovations and breakthroughs at the grass-roots level. The relationship between (IV) unified guidance and local-oriented needs to be well coordinated. In order to coordinate the relationship between unified guidance and local-based work in the rural reform experiment, we suggest that more attention should be paid to the leadership and guidance of the central level to the work of the experimental area to ensure the stability of the reform experiment. First, when selecting the rural reform pilot area and the test content, consider the comprehensive factors such as the reform motivation of the test area, the early foundation, and the degree of dependence of the test content on leadership changes, and do a good job in the risk assessment of the continuity and stability of the test content. Second, the place applying for the test area should clearly promise the stability, continuity, balance in spatial layout and replicability of the test work during the test period. Third, during the implementation of the test, the relevant central departments should track, manage, monitor and inspect the test projects throughout the process. References: [1] Xinhua News Agency commentator. Enhancing the Systematic and Overall Synergy of Reform-Learning from General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Speech on Guangdong Inspection [EB/OL]. Xinhua, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/xhsplywz.htm. [2] Xi Jinping stressed during his visit to Guangdong: to enhance the systematic and overall coordination of reform so that reform will not stop and opening up will not stop [EB/OL]. China Net, 2012-12-17. [3] Xi Jinping emphasized during the second collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee: Deepen reforms with greater political courage and wisdom [EB/OL]. Xinhua, 2013-01-01. [4] Xu Xiujuan, Zhou Ruifeng. How to Understand the Systematicness, Integrity and Synergy of Comprehensively Deepening Reform [J]. Xue Zhou, 2014,(11). [5] Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues of Comprehensively Deepening Reform [EB/OL]. Xinhua, 2013-11-15. (Author: Institute of Rural Development, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) china Rural Discovery Network from: "Theoretical Discussion" 2015 Issue 02. Responsible editor: Zhai Tianchang.
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Four from the two sessions three open_is an effective form of rural managementRelease date: January 22, 2015 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Strategic Research on Strengthening the Basic Position of Agriculture and Ensuring National Food SecurityRelease date: May 28, 2015 | Editor: Zhai TianchangCAJ
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National Food Security in the New Era Must Meet New ChallengesChina has to use less than one-tenth of the world's arable land to feed more than 1/5 of the world's population. This special national condition determines that food security in China should be far more important than any other country in the world. From a domestic perspective, although China's agriculture is in the best period of development in history, and the total grain output has achieved nine consecutive increases, the demand for food has increased rigidly in the process of industrialization and urbanization, and food security is facing the challenge of increasing resource and environmental constraints. From an international point of view, the food crisis has caused social unrest in some countries and regions from time to time. Under the background of informatization, food, like oil and currency, has become a strategic weapon for a country to restrict other countries. The strategic position of the foundation of the national economy and increasing international competitiveness is even more unshakable. National Food Security Strategy in the New Era Needs New Understanding food security is the overriding national strategic bottom line. In any era, food is the main body of human food, and adequate food is the premise of social stability, people's health and economic development. Once a global power with a population of more than one billion is seriously short of food, it will not only be a disaster for China, but also a disaster for the world. In the world food crisis, powerful countries often use food to seek special political and economic interests. In the 1970 s, former US Secretary of State Kissinger declared: "whoever controls food controls all people" when looking at the long-term goals of US geopolitics ". Under the background of informatization and global economic integration, the generation mechanism, generation mode and generation effect of world food competitiveness are constantly innovating. China's food security is not only a fundamental issue related to the national economy, people's livelihood and social and political stability, but also the primary issue of national economic development strategy, national security strategy and international competition strategy, and the overriding national strategic bottom line. Food security is the basis for the development of strategic emerging industries. At present, the fourth technological revolution led by new energy and biotechnology is gestating and developing. The United States and other developed countries are vigorously developing biotechnology and related industries, aiming to lead the world from the era of knowledge economy to the era of biological economy, and seek to control the world The right to speak in the agricultural product market. China has listed new energy industry and biological industry as strategic emerging industries, and the total output value of biological industry was close to 2 trillion yuan in 2011. As one of the basic industries of new energy industry and biological industry, grain industry is not only an important carrier of biotechnology, but also a raw material source of biological medicine, biological industry and biomass energy. Therefore, if China's food security is not effectively guaranteed, the country's strategic emerging industries will lose the foundation for development. Grain production efficiency is the core issue to ensure food security. There are many problems that need to be solved to ensure national food security, and the core is to solve the problem of food production efficiency. With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the rural young and middle-aged labor force continues to work in cities, the number of "hollow villages" is increasing, and the phenomenon of cultivated land abandonment is becoming more and more serious. "Who will farm the land" has become an unavoidable serious problem of national food security. Under the condition of market economy, the core of determining "who will farm the land" and the enthusiasm of grain production is the benefit of grain production, but in reality, the gap between income from grain production and non-grain income and non-agricultural income is getting bigger and bigger, and the benefit of grain production is getting lower and lower. If the efficiency of food production is low, food security, as the most important national security strategy, cannot be fundamentally guaranteed. Therefore, the problem of food production enthusiasm must rely on production efficiency to be effectively resolved. National food security strategy faces new challenges in the new era food supply is facing the dual pressure of population and social development rigid demand. According to forecasts by relevant departments, by 2050, China's population will grow to about 1.5 billion, exceeding the total population of developed countries at that time. The demand for grain is about 0.78 billion tons and the demand for meat is about 0.12 billion tons. With the acceleration of industrialization and the continuous expansion of the industrial use of grain, the demand for grain in pharmaceutical, chemical, bioenergy and other industries will increase significantly. China's urbanization rate will exceed 60% in 2020, which means that more than 0.1 billion million people will be transferred from rural areas to cities and towns, from producers of agricultural products to pure consumers, and the growth of food consumption is inevitable. With the improvement of people's living standards and the improvement of dietary structure, the growth of feed grain and processed food grain will also show a rigid growth, and the indirect consumption of grain will continue to accelerate. The grain production capacity is facing the dual pressure of resource and environmental constraints. As a national condition that cannot be changed, China's per capita agricultural resources are far below the world average. With the accelerating pace of industrialization and urbanization, the competition between agriculture and industry, rural areas and cities for cultivated land, water resources, human resources and other resource elements is becoming increasingly fierce. At the same time, the agricultural development supported by the expansion of resource elements has brought a series of problems, such as resource destruction, environmental pollution, soil erosion, land desertification and so on. "White pollution" has become a major disaster in rural areas. Water pollution and land desertification are becoming more and more serious, which restricts the sustainable development of food production. The impact of climate change on food production has become increasingly prominent. According to estimates by the National Meteorological Administration, droughts and floods caused by national warming threaten the stability of China's food production, and extreme weather may cause 10%-20% of China's food losses; global warming As a result of increased droughts, floods, diseases and insect pests, the fluctuation range of China's food production may expand to 30%-50%. The grain market is facing the dual pressure of domestic and international competition. In today's world, agricultural powers such as Europe and the United States occupy a dominant position in the field of agricultural biotechnology. In particular, the "four major grain merchants" of global agricultural multinational companies have strengthened the layout of the "whole industry chain" of global grain sources, logistics, trade, processing and sales. It has not only controlled 80% of the global grain trade, but also controlled 70% of the global oilseed trade, and is gradually increasing the intensity and speed of entering the Chinese grain market. The competitiveness of agricultural products in emerging economies such as Brazil and India has also increased significantly, and the competition for countries around the world to seize the right to speak in the food market has become more intense. At the same time, with the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the competition between the grain industry and other domestic agricultural industries and non-agricultural industries for cultivated land, water resources and market is becoming increasingly fierce. Affected by the low comparative benefit of grain, the market competitiveness of grain has been seriously restricted. New Countermeasures for National Food Security Strategy in the New Period the shift from local food security to global national security. Judging from the situation after the world food crisis, a world economic war without gunpowder has been launched between different economies, and food has become one of the important strategic trump cards. Food has gone beyond the scope of food in the game of economic globalization. It is no longer a pure trade product in the segmented market, but a bargaining chip in the international economic game and a weapon in the world economic war. From a strategic perspective, sustained food productivity is the ability to develop "nuclear weapons" in the world economic war. If you have the dominant position in the world food market, you will have the dominance of the world economic system. Therefore, food security not only seriously affects economic security such as currency, energy and industry, but also relates to national security at the military and political levels. National food security must be incorporated into China's overall development strategy at the height of global strategy. Shift from passive to active food security. For a long time, China's food security has been in a state of passive protection and defense with the goal of solving the basic supply. As a traditional agricultural country and a major food producer in the world, China basically has no right to speak in the world agricultural product market, and large-country agriculture has become "ration agriculture". As a major food producer in the world, we must not only firmly grasp the initiative of the "grain bag", so that the country's food security is always in an active position, but also must improve its competitiveness in the world food market to strengthen domestic food security. Only by forming a strong grain production capacity, low-cost production advantages, high-tech and information-based support capabilities, and a sound market control mechanism, can we ensure that we are always in an active position in the ever-changing international grain market. From simple food security to enhance the country's comprehensive competitiveness. Grain production is not a strategic industry that can drive the rapid growth of China's total economic output, but the comprehensive grain production capacity inherently affects and even determines China's global strategy. At present, China is in a critical period of economic transformation, and the largest market for expanding domestic demand is in rural areas. Only by improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and grain market competitiveness, and comprehensively increasing farmers' income, can we stimulate the vast rural market demand, promote the smooth transformation of China's export-oriented economy to an inward-oriented economy, and comprehensively improve the country's core competitiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to elevate agriculture to a strategic industry of the entire country, and incorporate the improvement of food competitiveness into the strategy of enhancing the country's global competitiveness, from agricultural infrastructure, agricultural technology progress, agricultural informatization, agricultural systems and mechanisms, and agricultural services., Agricultural laws and policies, agricultural ecological environmental protection, agricultural industry development, agricultural business entities and agricultural sustainable development mechanisms, etc., to build a series of policy systems that strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers, through material input, technological progress, institutional innovation and the improvement of the market system, we will comprehensively strengthen the basic position of agriculture, enhance the comprehensive grain production capacity and market competitiveness, and ensure national food security. and shift from emphasizing increasing grain production to simultaneously promoting farmers 'income. As a basic public product, the government has adopted a variety of policies to benefit farmers, but the enthusiasm for grain production has not been well mobilized, which is related to the unity of grain production and farmers' income. Today's farmers are no longer rural labor in the traditional sense, but market entities that compete fairly in a market economy. At the same time, in addition to fair and reasonable income expectations, the same input also has fair and reasonable development expectations. If other input income far exceeds the income of grain production, farmers will lose their enthusiasm for grain production. Therefore, to ensure food security as a major national strategy, the premise is to ensure that farmers can get comparative benefits from food production. While implementing the effective financial subsidy policy, we should make more use of market means to activate the driving force of farmers engaged in grain production, give full play to the inducing role of price signals, promote the allocation of resource elements to rural areas, accelerate the process of agricultural modernization, and form a long-term mechanism to mobilize the enthusiasm of grain production. Time: May 27, 2013 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang