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2016-03-07
Zhu Xinkai: Agriculture should not bear too much responsibility for inflationAbstract: Starting from the objective understanding of China's macroeconomic phenomena, this paper analyzes the serious consequences of the excessive weight of food prices in the composition of CPI in China, and points out that reducing the weight of food prices in the composition of CPI, perfecting the statistical structure of CPI, and publishing the CPI index and the "core CPI" index can effectively avoid the macroeconomic policy being misled by CPI. This paper puts forward some suggestions to correctly understand the price fluctuation of agricultural products, formulate sound and comprehensive agricultural regulation and control policies, and ensure the long-term stable and healthy development of China's agriculture.
CAJ
2016-03-07
Zhu Xinkai: Reform of the Agricultural Major System from the Perspective of the Whole Food ChainTitle: Re-understanding Agriculture former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once said: Whoever controls oil controls all countries, and whoever controls food controls all mankind. This is not only a high degree of understanding, but also a strategic thinking. In China, most people do not have a deep understanding of agriculture. I have been calling on the whole society to re-understand agriculture, because this is the foundation of China's sustainable development. Versatility of the eternal charm of the industry over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, although we have repeatedly stressed the importance of agriculture and rural work, there is no doubt that with economic development and social progress, the whole society has shown a growing "separation from agriculture" complex. The relatively low efficiency of agriculture and its basic status of social and economic development determine that "leaving agriculture" means "leaving poverty". The huge difference in identity-related interests between urban and rural areas determines "leaving agriculture" and also means "leaving the identity of farmers". These are the most rational choices, which are understandable. However, when this complex of "leaving agriculture" and "ignorance of agriculture" are deeply rooted in the brains of more and more people and have an impact on the whole society, this complex of "leaving agriculture" will inevitably be alienated into the blind exclusion of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", which leads to our economic development and social progress going astray. Agriculture is a set of technology, economy, politics and national security in one, accompanied and supported the entire history of human evolution, and with the development and progress of society, more and more functional eternal charm industry. When urbanization in the real sense is completed, "farmers" will not only be "agricultural practitioners", and "agricultural practitioners" will not only be the initial producers of agricultural products, but also the innovators of agricultural added value and the builders of agricultural-related industrial value chains. "Countryside" will evolve into "small towns", "micro towns" and "large-scale farms". They are even more competitive than cities in their living environment. "Counter-urbanization" is the most typical example. by that time, the concept of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" will naturally disappear, but agriculture will still be an eternal industry. If we cannot understand agriculture from this concept, dealing with international competition in the 21st century will only be empty talk. The strategic position of agriculture we can also learn from other countries. The United States has long been separated from the agricultural society and is a developed industrial country. However, the largest federal government department in the United States, except for the Pentagon, the Department of Defense is the Department of Agriculture. The weapons that the United States controls and attacks the world are not nuclear weapons at all, but agricultural products. Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once said that whoever controls oil controls all countries, and whoever controls food controls all mankind. This is not only a high degree of understanding, but also a strategic thinking. This kind of thinking is even more necessary for a big country that must put its job in its own hands. The top-level design of agriculture and food management from the perspective of the "whole food chain" is a common experience in developed countries. The so-called "whole food chain" emphasizes the management of the whole chain from the field to the table, and it is not only limited to food security, but also emphasizes food security. At present, my country does not have a national-level and systematic food security system and strategy. Combined with the reality of our country, food safety should be defined as "ensuring that people can obtain sufficient, high-quality, nutritious and reasonable food supply through appropriate channels at any time to meet people's food needs for survival and health". To achieve food security in the current complex domestic and international environment, it is necessary to establish a supply and demand control system for all kinds of food under the premise of ensuring food supply. problems and challenges however, the current top-level design of China's agriculture and food management is actually based on the division and division of food as a chain, and the management functions of agriculture and food have been dispersed to a number of non-agricultural sectors. There are as many as a dozen ministries and commissions involved in agricultural functions in China. Compared with developed countries, my country's current agricultural administrative management system is divided into departments, independent, unclear tasks, decentralized management, inconsistent tasks and methods, and competing for favorable things between departments, and shirking each other for unprofitable things. If something happens, everyone will work together. If something goes wrong, no one will be responsible. It is difficult to resolve contradictions through consultation between departments. A large number of contradictions can only be handed over to the State Council. The leaders of the State Council are busy with coordination, which leads to higher decision-making costs and lower decision-making efficiency, making it more difficult to implement government orders. Departmental interests also permeate the formulation of policies and laws, resulting in the introduction of policies and laws with a lot of wrangling, difficulties and a long time. After the introduction, there is no specific department to supervise the implementation, which can not achieve the desired effect. The formation of this system has its historical reasons, and the relevant reforms need to be further deepened. The slower we reform, the further down the wrong path. In recent years, the persistent inefficiency of agricultural investment is the most classic "endorsement" of the separation of top-level agricultural and food management functions ". China's current attitude towards agriculture can actually be interpreted as "attaching importance to agricultural policies and despising the agricultural sector; attaching importance to agricultural funds and despising investment efficiency", if the efficiency of agricultural investment is always low, even if there is a substantial increase in annual agricultural funds, what is the point? The experience of developed countries tells us that agriculture is an industry with strong industrial attributes, and its functions are not suitable for being dispersed in various other non-agricultural sectors. Therefore, the reform of the major ministries of agriculture is the fundamental solution to all problems including food security, food safety, agricultural efficiency, and farmers' income. From the top-level design point of view, we are currently divided into departments with grain as the chain. From the perspective of policy implementation, we are still a policy system that emphasizes traditional food security. In theory, the realization of food security has three stages, the first stage of food security is quantity guarantee, the second stage of food security is quality guarantee, the third stage of food security is to emphasize the protection of food nutrition and meet the preferences of consumers. At present, China is in the process of transition from the second stage to the third stage. Therefore, it is an important prerequisite for the reform of agriculture and food system to adjust the traditional food security strategy to food security strategy. In short, the top-level design of the management system of agriculture and food industry from the height of food safety, so that all related functions of agriculture can be returned to the management departments of agriculture and food industry, and the reform of agricultural super-ministry system from the perspective of "whole food chain" is the biggest issue facing China's agricultural and rural reform, and it is also one of the most urgent tasks. Source: China Rural Discovery | Time: January 18, 2016 | Responsible Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2016-03-07
Central Document No. 1 Released as a Window to Observe the Development Direction of China's "Three Rural Issues"At present, China's agricultural production costs are rising rapidly, with bulk agricultural products [1.36 per cent funding research Report] Prices are generally higher than those in the international market. How to improve agricultural competitiveness under the "double squeeze" is a major test to be faced. How to improve the ability of agricultural sustainable development under the hard constraints of resources and environment is a major challenge to face. How to speed up the pace of new rural construction under the background of the in-depth development of urbanization is a major problem to be solved. Solving these problems is a major task for the "three rural" work in the future. A few days ago, the 2015 Central Document No. 1 was released. This is the 12th consecutive document issued by the central government with the theme of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers. The release of the document highlights that under the new economic normal, the central government attaches great importance to agricultural and rural work as always, and has also become an important window to observe the development direction of China's "agriculture, rural areas and farmers. From extensive to intensive agriculture More Heavy Quality Benefit if China is to be strong, agriculture must be strong. To this end, the central document No. 1 to speed up the development hyundai agriculture has put forward new requirements: "efficient output, product safety, resource conservation, and environmental friendliness". This requires that on the basis of stabilizing food production, agriculture must shift from extensive management to intensive development, from resource, environment, and investment to relying on technology and innovation, especially focusing on improving competitiveness and sustainable development. Improving competitiveness is an urgent task for China's agricultural development. Right now, the cost of domestic agricultural production continues to rise, leading to a continued decline in the comparative efficiency of agriculture. The prices of bulk agricultural products in the international market have fallen continuously and have been lower than domestic prices to varying degrees, leading to an increase in imports. The rise of cost "floor" and the downward pressure of price "ceiling" bring double squeeze to China's agricultural competitiveness. Take vegetables as an example. At present, the area of vegetables in the country exceeds 0.3 billion mu, and the per capita share exceeds 500.00kg. However, the demand for vegetables continues to grow rigidly, and is expected to increase by more than 9000 million tons by 2020. Ye Zhenqin, director of the Development Planning Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, said that due to the increasing resource constraints and the decline in the quality of the labor force, the focus of agricultural production must be placed on changing the development mode, increasing yield and reducing losses. The Central Document No. 1 proposes to scientifically determine the self-sufficiency level of major agricultural products and rationally arrange the priority order of agricultural industry development. Experts believe that this requires insisting on doing something and not doing something, concentrating on keeping the most basic and important grains and rations, and on this basis, making overall plans for the production of important agricultural products such as cotton, oil and sugar, and promoting grain, cash crops, and forage. The coordinated development of the ternary planting structure. Focusing on sustainable development means strengthening agro-ecological governance. The Central Document No. 1 proposes to implement the overall plan for the governance of outstanding agricultural environmental problems and the plan for sustainable agricultural development. "This is in line with the reality of our agriculture." Cheng Guoqiang, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council, said that my country's agricultural resources and environment are close to the carrying limit. Over the years, problems such as rural non-point source pollution, declining quality of cultivated land, and over-exploitation of groundwater have become increasingly prominent. Especially after the problem of food and clothing is solved, the public has higher requirements for the improvement of the ecological environment and the quality and safety of agricultural products. We must adhere to both "protection" and "governance", so that those overdrawn agricultural resources and the environment can be recuperated. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the governance of outstanding agricultural environmental problems. In response to the quality and safety of agricultural products, the Central Document No. 1 proposes to establish a fully traceable, interconnected and shared agricultural product quality and food safety information platform. At present, there are more than 400,000 food production enterprises and more than 300 million food business entities in my country. Small workshops and small vendors are even more difficult to count. Although some enterprises and some places have established quality traceability platforms, most of them have not achieved information sharing and full coverage due to different ownership of traceability systems. Experts believe that this formulation of the No. 1 Central Document captures the key link of food safety and is conducive to ensuring "safety on the tip of the tongue". From the inside to the outside expand the space for farmers to increase income if China wants to be rich, farmers must be rich. The key to increasing farmers' income is to tap both internal potential and external force to achieve internal and external linkage. Central document No. 1 proposed to improve the effectiveness of agricultural subsidy policy. Ye Xingqing, director of the Rural Department of the Development Research Center of the State Council, said that for a long time, we have used price means to mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for production. Now domestic and foreign prices are upside down, and it is no longer sustainable to use this method. At the same time, the space for agricultural subsidies is gradually decreasing. At the time of China's accession to the WTO, 8.5 per cent of the "yellow box" space promised is still available, and there is also a lot of space for non-specific products, but there is little space for subsidies for some products, and some products have even exceeded it, forming a "ceiling". Based on this, the Central Document No. 1 proposes to gradually expand the scale and scope of the implementation of the "green box" support policy, adjust and improve the "yellow box" support policy, and give full play to the effect of the policy to benefit farmers and increase income. According to reports, the next step, agricultural product target price insurance pilot will also be carried out. Experts said that regardless of the target price reform or the target price insurance pilot, the strategy of "classified implementation, gradual and orderly progress, easy first and then difficult, and smooth transition" should be adopted. When the pilot will be expanded to other varieties and regions, it is necessary to consider after obtaining relatively mature experience. However, no matter how the price formation mechanism is changed, farmers cannot suffer losses. At the same time, it is necessary to formulate plans to deal with excessive market volatility. The Central Document No. 1 proposes to promote the integration and development of the three industries of rural 1. 2. This is in line with the current international popular "six industries" theory. Farmers should be encouraged not only to engage in farming (primary production), but also to engage in the processing of agricultural products (secondary production) and the circulation of agricultural products (tertiary production). Because "1+2+3" is equal to 6, "1 × 2 × 3" is also equal to 6, so it is called "six industries". Zhu Xinkai, a professor at Renmin University of China and vice chairman of the Leisure Agriculture expert Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, said that agriculture is an industry that integrates production, life, and ecological functions. It is necessary to promote and expand new links such as processing, circulation, and sales from the primary agricultural planting and breeding industry, so as to form an interactive and integrated development model of "one production one after another" and create a "six industries". From land to assets reform Releases Rural Vitality to comprehensively deepen reform, rural reform must be placed in a prominent position. From the reform of rural land system to the reform of rural collective asset property rights, a new round of rural reform is speeding up in an all-round way. The No. 1 document of the Central Committee clearly proposes to establish a land value-added income distribution mechanism that takes into account the state, collectives, and individuals, and reasonably increase personal income. At present, the area of rural collective operating construction land is about 42 million mu, and the total area of homestead is about 0.17 billion mu. The focus of the reform of the land system is the classified implementation of rural land expropriation, the entry of collective operating construction land into the market, and the pilot reform of the homestead system. In fact, the central government has issued relevant supporting documents. Experts believe that in order to implement the relevant documents, it is necessary to explore and improve the land expropriation system with standardized procedures, reasonable compensation, and diversified guarantees, establish a rural collective operating construction land market entry system with the same rights and prices, smooth circulation, and income sharing, and improve fair acquisition in accordance with the law. The homestead system of economical and intensive use and voluntary paid withdrawal. The No. 1 document of the Central Committee proposes to explore the effective realization form of rural collective ownership and innovate the operation mechanism of rural collective economy. With the development of rural economy, the collective income of many local villages has increased rapidly, and the villagers pay more and more attention to how to distribute the collective income. Experts believe that for operating assets, the focus is to clarify the ownership of collective property rights, quantify the conversion of assets to members of collective economic organizations, and explore the development of farmers' share cooperation. "The pilot reform of rural collective asset property rights will take into account different regions in the east, middle and west, and select a number of qualified counties (cities) as units to carry out the pilot work. The pilot work will be completed by the end of 2017." Chen Xiaohua, vice minister of agriculture, said that it is necessary to carry out the reform of the rural collective property rights joint-stock cooperative system in accordance with the requirements of the modern property rights system and proceeding from reality. For non-operating assets, the focus is to explore an effective mechanism for collective unified operation and management, so as to better provide public welfare services for members of collective economic organizations and community residents. From "things" to "people" new rural construction to the deep force if China wants beauty, the countryside must be beautiful. The No. 1 Central Document emphasizes accelerating the improvement of rural infrastructure, promoting the equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas, and making rural areas a beautiful home for farmers to live and work in peace. Li Guoxiang, a researcher at the Rural Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that in some rural areas, "garbage is blown by the wind and sewage is evaporated", and the ecological environment, water, electricity, gas and other infrastructure are very poor. It is necessary to intensify the construction of rural infrastructure and comprehensively promote the improvement of the rural living environment. In the future, even if China reaches an urbanization rate of 70%, there will still be 0.5 billion people in the countryside. To improve the rural environment, the government must actively undertake, and the countryside must not become a "hometown in memory". Central document No. 1 clear, around the integration of urban and rural development, to further promote the construction of new rural areas. Experts believe that the promotion of "people's new countryside" and "people's urbanization" are the two major starting points for solving the "three rural" problems in the new era. For farmers who work in cities, efforts should be made to improve their quality and ability to integrate into cities and towns; for farmers who still live in rural areas, it is necessary to comprehensively improve the rural happiness index. The integration of urban and rural development means that farmers, whether living in urban or rural areas, can equally enjoy the dividends of reform and the fruits of modernization. In recent years, my country's new rural cooperative medical system, new rural insurance, rural subsistence allowances and other systems have advanced rapidly, but public resources such as culture, health, and education are still scarce in rural areas. It can be said that the backwardness of rural areas is largely reflected in the backwardness of social undertakings and public services. It is necessary to improve the level of public services in rural areas through the construction of "people's new countryside", so that farmers who stay in rural areas can enjoy more and better public services and social security. Source: China Economic Net | Time: February 02, 2015 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2016-03-07
Zhu Junsheng: Promoting the Innovation of Social Security System with Global ThinkingWhether it is the dispute between fees and taxes, or the dispute between the main body of medical insurance, to a large extent, it is manifested as the dispute of departmental interests. Therefore, we should realize the victory of ideas over interests, that is, limiting power, checks and balances of power and knowing and stopping power. ■ Zhu Junsheng there was a lot of controversy before the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on how to evaluate China's past reforms and guide future reforms. Among them, there are two views with far-reaching influence: one is the Chinese model theory, which holds that China's past reform and opening up was successful, and the reason for the success lies in the Chinese model, which is characterized by strong government intervention and state-owned economic dominance. it is different from the western free competition and private enterprise system. The second is the theory of reform failure, which holds that China's reform and opening up in the past has failed, the current social contradictions are caused by marketization and entrepreneurs, and the reform orientation of marketization for more than 30 years is wrong. The above two views are opposed on the surface, but they are the same in essence, that is, they both oppose market-oriented reforms, both believe in the power of the government, and do not believe in the logic of the market. The Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee proposed to focus on the reform of the economic system that makes the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources. This also means that the high degree of government intervention and the dominance of the state-owned economy are not only the reasons for China's economic miracle, on the contrary, they are the important reasons for the contradictions and unfairness in Chinese society. From the trend of China's economic growth in the past 60 years, we can find three important turning points: first, at the third Plenary session of the Eleventh Central Committee, China's market-oriented reform began. Second, Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech, market-oriented reform to restart. The third is to join the WTO and enter a new period of opening up to promote reform. The experience and lessons of history tell us that in order to avoid the pace of reform being hindered by anti-reform mentality and policies, we must adhere to the overall thinking. First, adhere to market-oriented reform. Make the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources. The second is to reduce government control and intervention. Minimize the central government's management of micro-affairs, directly face the grassroots, with a large amount and a wide range of economic and social matters that are more convenient and effective for local management, and all local and grassroots management are delegated. Three is to achieve the rule of law. To build China under the rule of law, we must adhere to the rule of law, rule by law, and administration according to law, and adhere to the integrated construction of a country under the rule of law, a government under the rule of law, and a society under the rule of law. In the field of social security, we should also adhere to the overall thinking and transcend the struggle of ideas, departments and interests. Whether it is the dispute between fees and taxes, or the dispute between the main body of medical insurance, to a large extent, it is manifested as the dispute of departmental interests. Therefore, we should realize the victory of ideas over interests, that is, limiting power, checks and balances of power and knowing and stopping power. In recent years, China's social security coverage has expanded rapidly, and its development is mainly driven by the strong administrative promotion and financial subsidies to pry demand. But this pattern of quantitative expansion poses at least two quality problems. First, the quality of service to the insured needs to be improved. The institutional and institutional factors restricting quality improvement are mainly the lack of decentralization. One is the lack of vertical decentralization. Local governments in the vertical power structure with the central government to obtain the legitimate power space is not enough, it is difficult to release the local governance capacity and meet the needs of local citizens; two is the lack of horizontal decentralization. On the basis of obtaining the legitimate power space, the government has not dispersed the public service function to the market and society balanced with the public sector. Second, the adaptability to economic and social development needs to be improved. High rates and high fees make businesses and individuals stressed. A survey of some places shows that social insurance contributions in some areas account for more than 20% of the average labor cost of enterprises, which has become an important factor in the increase of enterprise costs. At the same time, the high contribution burden also reduces the individual's ability to pay, directly leading to a large number of broken insurance. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of social security services and reduce management costs, system and mechanism innovation must be carried out. Vertical decentralization is to be achieved, I .e., the subject of responsibility is gradually sinking and constantly unbundling. At the same time, in order to achieve horizontal decentralization, we should first decentralize powers within the system, then decentralize powers outside the system, first separate management and management, and then open competition to the market and society. In addition, it is necessary to reduce the possible side effects of social security on economic and social development. For a long time, the theoretical research and practice departments have paid attention to the improvement of the coverage of the social security system and the improvement of the security level, but the investigation of its possible adverse consequences is not enough, and the economic adaptability of social security is lack of systematic examination. In order to realize the sustainable development of social security, it is necessary to evaluate its economic adaptability, study the moderate level of macro level and the burden of enterprise social insurance at the micro level. On the basis of the return of government responsibility, we should effectively reduce the social security rate, reduce the burden on enterprises and residents, and increase economic freedom and vitality. Buchanan had distinguished between the choice of rules and the choice under them. For social security, we should not only choose under the existing rules, but also think about the choice of the rules themselves. We should, like Bastia, seriously explore the "visible" and "invisible" in the construction of the current social security system, that is, we need to make such a choice: to pursue the benefits of the present, regardless of the huge disadvantages that follow, or to risk the small misfortune of the present and pursue the greater benefits of the future. As Friedman pointed out, we should leave more wealth in enterprises, in the private sector, and in individuals, so that the public can "spend their own money on themselves" and solve the most basic guarantee through the market mechanism. At the same time, the public is encouraged to "spend their own money on others" and to maximize their limited generosity beyond self-interest and self-love through charity and other means. At the same time, it is necessary to prudently develop the compulsory social insurance of "spending other people's money on others", and eliminate the phenomenon of "spending other people's money on oneself" that may occur in this process through the rule of law. (The author is the deputy dean and professor of the School of Labor Economics, Capital University of Economics and Business; this article is compiled by our reporter Wang Hui according to the author's speech at the 7th Beijing Young and Middle-aged Social Science Theoretical Talents "Hundred Talents Project" Scholars Forum.) source: China Science Daily | Time: January 20, 2014 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2016-03-07
Zhou Yingheng: Experience and Practice of Agricultural Modernization in Jiangsu ProvinceJiangsu is a strong economic province, is also a large agricultural province. The sustainable development of agriculture in Jiangsu Province is not only an important part of sustainable development, but also the key to the sustainable development of economy and society. As of the end of 2012, in terms of resource endowment, Jiangsu has about 70 million mu of arable land, 0.129 billion cubic meters of water resources, and the average arable land area per household is about 7.8 mu. In terms of comprehensive agricultural development, Jiangsu has high-efficiency farmland accounting for 1/3 of the total arable land and 1/10 of the facility agricultural area. In terms of industrialized management, the proportion of farmers participating in cooperatives is 61%, the area of agricultural moderate scale operation accounts for 61%, and the ratio of agricultural product processing industry output value to agricultural output value is 1.3:1. It can be seen that Jiangsu is not rich in agricultural resources, but through the efforts of the day after tomorrow, agricultural development has made certain achievements. Jiangsu has made the following four main achievements in agricultural modernization: (1) Continued increase in grain and major agricultural products. In 2012, the province's grain output reached 67.45 billion kg, exceeding the total grain output of the four coastal provinces and cities of Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. The total output rose from the fifth in the country in 2005 to the fourth, and the grain yield reached a new high. The yield per mu reached 421.3kg, ranking fourth in the country. The per capita output of aquatic products increased from 52.1kg in 2005 to 62.4kg in 2012. The total output value of agriculture increased from 129.106 billion yuan in 2005 to 296.672 billion yuan in 2012. The output value of cereals, potatoes, beans, cotton, oilseeds, vegetables and fruits in agriculture also increased in different ways. Among them, the total output value of cereals increased from 49.504 billion yuan in 2005 to 94.887 billion yuan in 2012, and the output value of potatoes increased from 2.841 billion yuan in 2005 to 4.127 billion yuan in 2012, the output value of beans increased from 2.416 billion yuan in 2005 to 3.955 billion yuan in 2012, the output value of cotton increased from 5.731 billion yuan in 2005 to 9.378 billion yuan in 2012, the output value of oil crops increased from 6.406 billion yuan in 2005 to 8.943 billion yuan in 2012, and the output value of vegetables increased from 39.198 billion yuan in 2005 to 126.538 billion yuan in 2012. (2) Agricultural mechanization is progressing rapidly, and the level of agricultural science and technology is constantly improving. By 2012, the coverage rate of agricultural informatization will reach 80%, and the level of comprehensive agricultural mechanization will reach 76%, ranking first in the country. The contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress reached 62.3, ranking first in the country. The area of water-saving irrigation increased from 1423.5 thousand hectares in 2005 to 1733.33 thousand hectares in 2011. The area of mechanical tillage increased from 3923 thousand hectares in 2005 to 5845.67 thousand hectares in 2012; machine-sown area increased from 2123.44 thousand hectares in 2005 to 3887.94 thousand hectares in 2012; machine-harvested area increased from 3787.42 thousand hectares in 2005 to 4896.87 thousand hectares in 2012. (3) The level of comprehensive agricultural development has been improved. The scale of high-efficiency agriculture has achieved remarkable results. The area of high-efficiency facility agriculture in the province has reached 9.6 million mu, accounting for 13.9 percent of the arable land, ranking first in the country; the area of high-standard farmland is 32.02 million mu, accounting for 46.5 percent of the arable land; the cumulative number of live pigs for the whole year is 30.431 million, of which the proportion of large and medium-sized pig breeding is 45%; the effective number of "three products (pollution-free, green and organic agricultural products) is more than 16000, ranking first. (4) The quality of agricultural practitioners has been continuously improved, and the management of agricultural organizations has been continuously upgraded. Jiangsu's agricultural labor force has dropped from 10.5828 million in 2005 to 7.9603 million in 2012. The certified agricultural labor force accounts for more than 12%; the proportion of farmers participating in cooperative organizations reaches 61.4, ranking first in the country; the proportion of moderate scale operation of agriculture reaches 61%, ranking first in the country. There are also some problems in the construction of agricultural modernization in Jiangsu. Mainly: the concept attaches importance to planting and breeding, but ignores the pre-and post-natal links, the pre-natal links of agricultural materials services such as fertilizers and pesticides, and the post-natal links including circulation and processing are lagging behind, and cannot meet the needs of agricultural modernization; farmland infrastructure and supporting facilities Lack, in 2012, the proportion of high-standard farmland in Jiangsu Province was less than 47%, which is seriously incompatible with the superior agricultural environment of Jiangsu Province. Not only that, in the context of the current society's increasing requirements for the quality and safety of agricultural products, the commercialization of processing facilities, storage facilities and other post-natal supporting facilities in Jiangsu Province are still seriously insufficient, which hinders the process of commercialization of agricultural products; more people and less land, agricultural The industrial organization system is not well developed. Although Jiangsu Province has more than 60000 agricultural industrial organizations, the number is not small, but still has not solved the problem of small farmers and large market docking, the reason is that many organizations or not worthy of the name, or institutions are not sound, the function is not perfect, the agricultural industrial organization system needs to be improved; agricultural financial investment is insufficient, the mode and efficiency of the use of funds need to be improved. In 2012, the expenditure on agriculture, forestry and water affairs closely related to financial support for agriculture in Jiangsu Province still accounted for less than 10% of the public budget expenditure, which was far lower than the proportion of agricultural employment in employment (20%). As agriculture involves land, labor, resources and environment, science and technology and other fields, in addition to the agricultural sector, many relevant government departments have the task of supporting agriculture, which increases the cost of management and use of agricultural funds and the phenomenon of repeated construction, which hinders the efficiency of the use of financial funds for supporting agriculture. To this end, the following policy recommendations are made for the modernization of agriculture in Jiangsu: 1. Break through the limitations of the planting and breeding industry and realize the comprehensive modernization of agriculture before, during and after production. First of all, it is still necessary to ensure the support and attention to the planting and breeding industry. On this basis, all links before and after production should be incorporated into the construction of agricultural modernization. According to the requirements of "six industrialization", the secondary and tertiary industries should be integrated with the primary industry to improve the added value of agriculture, and at the same time, to ensure that farmers can obtain more income. 2. Strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland and post-natal process commercialization processing facilities. High-standard farmland and commercial treatment facilities are the hardware foundation of agricultural modernization and the first step to carry out agricultural modernization. This requires the provincial government to clarify goals, scientifically plan, and use legal means to ensure that the construction of farmland infrastructure is promoted year by year; based on long-term, With government financial investment as the leading factor, actively mobilize all forces, and strive for capital investment through multiple channels; implement management and protection, organize innovation, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers with the goal of realizing agricultural modernization. 3. Cultivate all kinds of model agricultural business entities and reengineering agricultural business organizations, and upgrade the agricultural industrial organization system. In areas where conditions permit, we should realize large-scale operation through land transfer, use modern inputs such as mechanization and high input to improve agricultural productivity and economic benefits, cultivate new business entities such as family farms and large professional households, and establish intermediate associations to provide services for them. More areas in Jiangsu Province are still dominated by small farmers, so it is necessary to carry out intensive cultivation, highlight regionality and characteristics, and improve the added value of agricultural products, by joining the farmer cooperative organization to improve the degree of organization of farmers, strengthen the market negotiation strength of small farmers, and realize the docking of small-scale farmers and large markets. These two roads are parallel and complementary. Jiangsu Province should take the lead in implementing these two models in the country, and finally realize the coordinated development of large-scale and characteristic agriculture. 4. Pay attention to the versatility of agriculture, increase financial support for agriculture, and improve the efficiency of the use of funds. The realization of agricultural modernization is inseparable from the exertion of the new functions of agriculture. Therefore, the provincial government should attach great importance to this, introduce the new functions of agriculture into the construction of agriculture, continue to develop and utilize, and improve the added value of agriculture; because these The new function has a strong public nature, so it is necessary to increase investment through financial support for agriculture. In the process of using funds, it is necessary to clarify the functions of various departments to prevent "headless management" and "multiple management", so as to improve the efficiency of financial support for agriculture. (the author is the dean of the School of Economics and Management of Nanjing Agricultural University and the chief expert of Jiangsu Agricultural Modernization Research Base) source: Xinhua Newspaper Network-Xinhua Daily | Time: January 13, 2014 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2015-10-02
Jiang Changyun's Paper on the Direction of Accelerating the Transformation of Agricultural Development ModeJiang Changyun's Paper on the Direction of Accelerating the Transformation of Agricultural Development Mode jiang Changyun, vice president of the Association, published a paper in the 5th issue of Jianghuai Forum in 2015--《 problems and Trends of China's Agricultural Development and the Direction of Accelerating the Transformation of Agricultural Development Mode". Interested member friends can go to the journal page to view abstracts and download papers: http://www.jhlt.net.cn/CN/volumn/current.shtml
2015-09-14
Du Zhixiong and Zhan Lin: Difficulties and Solutions for Implementing the New Strategy of Precision Poverty AlleviationOver the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's poverty alleviation work has made remarkable achievements, realizing the transformation from universal poverty and regional poverty to basically solving poverty. The number of poor people has decreased by 0.67 billion compared with 1978, becoming the first country in the world to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development goal of halving the poverty population. However, our country still faces an arduous task of poverty alleviation. The latest data show that there are still 70.71 million poor people in rural areas in China by 2014, and the problem of lagging development in poor areas has not been fundamentally changed. At present, there are only five years to achieve a well-off society in 2020, and poverty alleviation is very urgent. According to the changes in the situation, it is an important task and a major responsibility for our country to adjust the poverty alleviation strategy in a timely manner and effectively achieve "real poverty alleviation and real poverty alleviation. The Great Significance of the Adjustment of China's Poverty Alleviation Strategy (I) poverty reduction encounters "the hardest bone" after poverty alleviation and development in the first decade of the 21st century, the number of poor people in China has been further reduced, and the problems of production, food and clothing for rural residents have been basically solved. However, the task of poverty reduction in China is still arduous, and the situation of poverty reduction is more complicated. The poverty reduction policies previously issued have basically achieved the task of poverty alleviation in areas with slightly better conditions. Most of the remaining poor people are distributed in Dashi mountainous areas with poor living conditions, lack of water and soil, weak infrastructure, frequent natural disasters, and lagging social development., Border areas, ethnic minority settlements and reservoir immigration areas, deep poverty, weak self-development capabilities, it is the most difficult "hard bone" to achieve China's millennium poverty alleviation goals and well-off goals ". Under the new normal, my country's economic growth has changed from high-speed to medium-high speed. At the same time, it is necessary to change the mode, adjust the structure, reduce and eliminate some excess and backward production capacity, and achieve sustainable development. This process will involve finance, employment and other areas closely related to poverty alleviation, and will also pose certain challenges to poverty alleviation. my country's poverty alleviation and development work has entered a sprint period of "gnawing hard bones and tackling tough problems. (II) Realize the Remaining Poor People Out of Poverty Need to Adjust Thinking and Strategy with the economic and social development and the change of poverty reduction situation, China's rural poverty governance has experienced a phased evolution of rural economic system reform, poverty-stricken counties as the focus, and poverty-stricken villages as the focus. Before the reform and opening up, my country's rural areas were in a state of widespread poverty. The first stage of poverty alleviation work began in the late 1970 s. The party and the state shifted their focus to economic construction, empowering the majority of poor farmers and providing market participation opportunities. In the early stage of reform and opening up, my country implemented a poverty governance policy system that focused on institutional reforms to promote poverty reduction and supplemented by relief. Poverty alleviation resources effectively "identify" those areas with development potential and rural poor people with development capacity, so that these areas and poor people can quickly seize development opportunities and get rid of poverty in a short period of time after obtaining the right to development. By the mid-1980s, the marginal benefits of rural economic system reform on poverty reduction declined, inequality and polarization between the rich and the poor began to appear, and the original poverty governance system was facing challenges. In order to improve the targeting accuracy of poverty alleviation resources, since 1986, the state has carried out a series of institutional innovations in rural poverty governance, gradually established a development-oriented poverty alleviation governance structure with public governance as the main body, changed the targeting mode of poverty alleviation and development, established a targeting mechanism with counties as the object, and identified 370 national poverty counties in 1988 (adjusted to 592 when the National 87 Poverty Alleviation Plan was formulated in 1994), tilt 70% of poverty alleviation resources (gold) to poor counties. By the end of 2000, the number of poor people in rural areas who had not yet solved the problem of food and clothing had decreased from 0.125 billion in 1985 to 30 million in 2000, and the incidence of rural poverty had dropped from 14.8 per cent to about 3 per cent. In the 21st century, with the continuous reduction of the scale of poverty in China, the distribution of the rural poor population shows the new characteristics of "large dispersion and small concentration. The distribution of the poor population has been concentrated from the former key counties for poverty alleviation and development to the lower-level village-level communities. In response to the poverty problem in the new era, in 2001, the state began to implement a village-level targeting mechanism for poverty alleviation resources, and identified 148100 poverty-stricken villages across the country as the focus of poverty alleviation work, emphasizing the village as a unit to mobilize farmers' participation in the comprehensive development of rural poverty alleviation. These key villages account for 21% of the total number of administrative villages in the country, distributed in 1861 counties (districts and cities) across the country, covering 80% of the country's rural poor. The "whole village to promote poverty alleviation work" has been carried out nationwide, and my country's poverty governance has entered the targeting stage focusing on village-level targeting. At this stage, rural poverty governance constructed a "one body and two wings" poverty alleviation and development strategy, that is, with the promotion of the whole village as the main body, industrialized poverty alleviation and labor transfer training as the "two wings", and achieved better poverty reduction results. The proportion of the rural population in the rural population dropped from 10.2 in 2000 to 2.8 in 2010. In the crucial period of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, China's poverty alleviation and development work has entered a new stage of consolidating the achievements of food and clothing, speeding up poverty alleviation and becoming rich, improving the ecological environment, improving development capacity and narrowing the development gap. With the change in the distribution characteristics of poverty alleviation targets, that is, the distribution characteristics of the flower arrangement of the poor population under the old poverty alleviation standard have been replaced to a considerable extent by the distribution characteristics of the poor population under the new standard (I. e. concentrated contiguous areas with special difficulties). The causes of poverty have become more complicated and the poverty problems are very different. In the past, the practice of "one move works" and "multiple birds with one stone" has been difficult. The "hard bones" need to be targeted at poverty alleviation resources from the regional level beyond the poverty-stricken counties, so as to cope with the overall poverty of contiguous poverty-stricken areas (such as poor transportation backbone network, etc.) and narrow the regional development gap; on the other hand, poverty alleviation resources need to be further sunk to the individual level (poor households), so as to eliminate the absolute poor population and realize the overall well-off society in poverty-stricken areas. The proposal of (III) "precise poverty alleviation" for a long time, there have been some problems in China's poverty alleviation and development work, such as the number of poor population is unclear, the situation is not clear, the pertinence is not strong, and the poverty alleviation funds and project orientation are not accurate. Although the poverty population data obtained from the household sample survey of the National Bureau of Statistics are scientific, they cannot implement targeted poverty alleviation measures because they fail to fully reflect the existence of poor people and the causes of poverty. Based on the reflection on the past poverty alleviation work, in November 2013, when General Secretary Xi Jinping investigated the poverty alleviation work in Xiangxi, he made it clear that the poverty alleviation work "should be planned scientifically, adjust measures to local conditions, grasp the key points, and constantly improve the accuracy, effectiveness and sustainability", and put forward the concept of "accurate poverty alleviation" for the first time. At a new starting point, in accordance with the principles of county as a unit, scale control, hierarchical responsibility, precise identification, and dynamic management, file and establish a national poverty alleviation information network system for each poor village and poor household, and promote special poverty alleviation and poverty at a high level. The identification is connected, the causes of poverty are analyzed in depth, assistance measures are formulated from village to household, and support is concentrated. On June 18, 2015, at a symposium held by the main responsible comrades of the party committees of some provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in Guizhou, the general secretary proposed "six precisions" on intensifying efforts to promote poverty alleviation and development, namely, "objects must be precise, project arrangements must be precise, The use of funds must be precise, the measures in place must be precise, the village must be precise, and the effect of poverty alleviation must be precise." It further enriches the connotation and operability. Three Main Problems in the Strategic Adjustment of "Precision Poverty Alleviation" targeted poverty alleviation is intended to guide the optimal allocation of various poverty alleviation resources through precise identification, precise assistance, precise management and precise assessment of poor households and poor villages, so as to achieve poverty alleviation from village to household, I .e. through "targeted therapy", targeted poverty alleviation is targeted and absolute poverty is targeted. Although the targeted poverty alleviation work has become increasingly institutionalized since the beginning of 2014, it is undeniable that in the actual process of implementing targeted poverty alleviation, the phenomenon of "off-target" is still very prominent, and the implementation of new poverty alleviation strategies and targeted poverty alleviation work are still facing greater challenges. challenge. Accurate identification of the (I) poor is the primary problem the premise of precise poverty alleviation is to determine who is the object of poverty alleviation, but there are some problems in the method and process of determining the object. The first is the problem of "scale exclusion" of the poor. The state uses the annual income of 2300 yuan as the poverty standard, and implements "scale control" on a county-by-county basis, that is, the scale of poverty is determined by the percentage of income statistics. For example, if the average income of the whole province is 10% lower than that of 2300 yuan, then the poor objects will be selected according to 10% of the population in the rural areas under the county management. In other words, the poor are not counted according to their heads, but are "made" in proportion. In this pattern, the indicators (number) of poor villages and poor households obtained by various localities (cities, prefectures), counties and townships (towns) may not be consistent with the actual size of the poor population. The second is the problem of "regional exclusion" of the poor. In 2014, China divided 11 concentrated and contiguous areas with special difficulties, together with the three prefectures (Tibet, Tibetan areas in four provinces and southern Xinjiang) that have clearly implemented special support policies, a total of 14 areas are the main battlefield for poverty alleviation in the new stage. however, this "centralized and contiguous poverty alleviation and development policy" objectively excludes some "flower-arranging" poor villages (households) from the scope of accurate identification, it even leads to the phenomenon of "contiguous for the sake of contiguous", that is, in order to highlight the effectiveness of centralized contiguous poverty alleviation and development, some local governments often integrate nearby poverty-stricken areas as concentrated contiguous poverty alleviation and development areas on the basis of non-poverty-stricken areas or even relatively wealthy areas. And exclude the real or even a large number of poor villages. In addition, the problems of "misknowledge" and "missing knowledge" caused by the poverty alleviation staff's good relatives and friends and work mistakes are even more serious. (II) targeted personalized precise assistance is the second major problem due to different causes of poverty, poor households have different needs for assistance content, and targeted poverty alleviation measures should be provided for specific situations. However, from a practical point of view, although the concept of poverty alleviation based on household conditions is valuable, it is difficult to realize, and the following problems have evolved: first, poverty reduction measures are simplified. In practice, in order to reduce the intensity of work, many poverty reduction measures have been simplified to provide part of the funds, give away some means of production, build or renovate housing for poor groups, or even just provide some daily necessities, which directly affects the poverty reduction effect and sustainability of the project. Second, the threshold requires "crowding out" the absolute poor. Some poverty reduction projects have threshold requirements and require local governments to carry out matching funds first. In order not to give up the projects, some local governments adopt virtual matching or misappropriate other resources, thus reducing poverty reduction funds (resources) in other communities. However, some poverty alleviation projects are carried out through the establishment of cooperatives, requiring the poverty alleviation targets who join the cooperatives to match a certain amount of funds, land and other means of production. Some absolute poor people have to choose to give up because they cannot afford it. Third, poverty alleviation projects do not match the needs of poverty. In the process of implementing accurate poverty alleviation, many provinces and cities adhere to the "two 70%" policy, that is, 70% of the financial poverty alleviation funds should be used for industrial development, and 70% of the specific use of industrial development project funds should be directly sent to households. However, compared with industrial development, some extremely poor areas have more urgent needs for production and living facilities such as ditches, canals, roads, and water, resulting in serious deviations in the allocation of poverty reduction resources; some industrial poverty alleviation projects even completely deviate from the law of industrial development and only Focus on production links and ignore marketing, further destroying the already fragile local industrial foundation. (III) precise management to improve the efficiency of poverty alleviation is the third problem precision management means timely tracking and monitoring of poverty alleviation measures and implementation effects, and dynamic adjustment of poverty alleviation targets. However, the current situation of poverty alleviation is far different from that of the past, with the dot distribution of the poor, the complexity of the causes of poverty and the uncertainty of various return to poverty, and the single vertical poverty alleviation management mainly adopted in China is difficult to improve efficiency, which makes the dynamic identification of the poor population on an annual cycle in the new regulations face high implementation costs. At present, the average cost of identifying a poor household is about 30 yuan. It takes one month to complete the identification of a township, and the total cost is about 10000 yuan. In 592 contiguous counties with special difficulties in the country, the annual expenditure alone is close to 60 million yuan. At the same time, in the development of poverty alleviation projects, most of the poor people only passively invest in work, and their subjective initiative and development decision-making power have not been paid enough attention and excavated, resulting in the lack of effective mass supervision in the implementation and management of poverty alleviation projects. as a result, the government-led poverty alleviation management is facing difficulties, which can easily lead to short-term poverty alleviation behavior and waste of poverty alleviation resources. Opinions and Suggestions on the Implementation of Precise Poverty Alleviation Strategy (I) the way to identify the poor as a comprehensive system, poverty identification includes multiple indicators such as unemployment rate and poverty rate. However, China still takes the income poverty line in a certain region as the fundamental basis, which has become an important constraint to carry out "accurate identification. Therefore, it is necessary to amend the current way of identifying poverty in accordance with the scale and region of our machinery. On the basis of the country's existing top-down measurement of the size of the poor population, it is necessary to build a bottom-up poverty group identification and participation system to revise and determine the size of the poor population; while focusing on concentrated and contiguous poverty alleviation and development, the poor outside the area The group adopts a non-discriminatory poverty reduction policy to ensure that the poor groups inside and outside the area are not only identified, but also receive precise assistance. Secondly, the identification method of "high accuracy, easy operation and low cost" is summarized. In the identification of poor households, in order to more realistically monitor the changes in the poor population, the government should take administrative costs into consideration on the basis of targeting benefits, and summarize more "four views" identification experience such as Weining County, Guizhou Province, namely "one look at the house, two look at the grain, three look at the labor force is not strong, four look at whether there is a scholar at home" and other simple and easy ways to ensure accurate identification of the greatest extent. "Looking at the house" here is to estimate the poverty level of farmers by looking at their living conditions and living environment; "looking at grain" is to estimate their agricultural income and food expenditure by looking at their land conditions and production conditions; "looking at whether the labor force is strong or not" is to estimate their labor income and medical expenditure by looking at the labor situation of farmers and whether there are sick and disabled people; "to see if there is a scholar at home", it is to estimate the development potential and education expenditure of farmers by looking at their education level and the current situation of students in school. Third, the gradual implementation of "participatory" horizontal identification. Residents living in the same rural areas know best "who is the real poor". Therefore, public evaluation and comparison can be carried out within the rural community, and the poverty alleviation target can be finally determined through democratic evaluation, object mapping and publicity by farmers themselves or collective selection. The management of the poor adopts a hierarchical management responsibility system for village management, township management of villages, and county (district) management of townships. In particular, the township level must strengthen policy convergence, and promptly list the people returning to poverty as poverty alleviation targets, so as to achieve "in and out, dynamic management". (II) Explore More Practical and Precise Poverty Alleviation Paths in connection with my country's current poverty alleviation situation, it is necessary to actively explore more direct and effective poverty alleviation methods that are in line with local reality, and focus on strengthening the development of "four batches" according to different causes of poverty. The first is to develop a group of poor people who have the ability to work and can be lifted out of poverty through production and work by supporting production and employment, focusing on industrial support and employment assistance, and developing regional characteristic industries with high participation in accordance with local conditions. Expand employment training and employment docking services; the second is to relocate a group of poor people who "one side of the soil and water cannot support one side of the people" through immigration and relocation, the focus of poverty alleviation is on the implementation of "relocation", and these poor people are relocated to areas with better development conditions, so as to protect the ecological environment and fundamentally solve their livelihood problems; the third is to adopt the minimum living guarantee policy., To cover a group of poor people who have lost their ability to work and cannot be helped out of poverty through industrial support and employment; fourth, through medical assistance, we will support a group of temporarily poor people who have become poor due to illness and return to poverty due to illness, focus on solving the problem of medical expenses they face, help them recover as soon as possible, and, if necessary, provide follow-up support for the development of production and employment. In order to clarify the task of poverty alleviation and the time limit for completion, and to achieve the goal of lifting the 70.17 million rural poor out of poverty as scheduled in 2020, it is necessary to carry out wall chart operations on all 592 key counties in the national poverty alleviation and development work, and formulate "construction drawings", "schedule" and "work accounts". According to different assistance needs, the work process, target tasks, assistance measures, and the list of assistance cadres are all publicized on the wall to clarify the work tasks and completion time limit. While doing a good job in the overall planning of the area and the annual promotion plan, each county and district will focus on some poverty-stricken areas every year. The task of tackling key problems in each poverty-stricken area will be completed in three stages: 2015-2017 will be a concentrated attack, 2018-2019 will be a consolidation and improvement, and absolute poverty will be completely eliminated by 2020. On the basis of determining the precise poverty alleviation path and work progress, four aspects of responsibility need to be implemented to encourage multi-party participation in poverty alleviation and development. The first is to implement the investigation, deployment and coordination responsibilities of the party and government responsible persons as the first responsible person for poverty alleviation and development; the second is to implement the main responsibility of poverty-stricken counties that must focus on poverty alleviation and development; the third is to implement the central department to promote poverty The development environment of the region is the responsibility of providing sufficient financial support; the fourth is to implement the common responsibility of all aspects of society, including party and government agencies and other units to assume the responsibility for designated poverty alleviation tasks, the poverty alleviation responsibility of developed areas to backward areas, the back-feeding responsibility of industrial capital to agriculture, etc., and in the process of implementing the poverty alleviation responsibility of social capital, special emphasis needs to be placed on the participation and profit model of poor households, and poor households cannot be reduced to simple raw materials. provider. (III) Establish and Improve a More Efficient and Targeted Poverty Alleviation Management System to improve the precise poverty alleviation management system, we must first work on the "exit mechanism for poverty alleviation targets" to achieve precise poverty alleviation. Through the establishment of a working mechanism for poor households to get rid of poverty and the withdrawal of poor villages and counties, strict withdrawal procedures and standards, and dynamic management of poverty alleviation targets, so as to achieve "entry and exit". Taking the number of poverty reduction population, the increase of income of the poor, the improvement of production and living conditions, the level of public service, the construction of ecological environment, and the current situation of social security as the main assessment indicators, based on the provincial indicators, the municipal poverty alleviation leading group will formulate specific quantitative indicators and assessment methods according to the characteristics of each poverty-stricken county and district. After the end of the assessment period, counties and districts that have completed the task of poverty alleviation can continue to enjoy relevant preferential policies; the "one-vote veto" can be implemented for counties and districts that have not been completed ". In turn, it will form a policy orientation for poor counties that "it is good to take off the hat early, and there are still constraints if you don't take off the hat. Secondly, it is necessary to build a social poverty alleviation service platform as soon as possible to promote the "socialization" of poverty alleviation ". At present, the approval authority for poverty alleviation projects has been delegated to the counties, and the provincial and municipal poverty alleviation departments are guiding and supervising. However, in order to change the current situation of high regulatory costs due to the deep involvement of local governments in micro-poverty alleviation activities, and to improve the transparency of poverty alleviation work and the efficiency and sustainability of poverty alleviation projects, it is necessary to build a social poverty alleviation service platform that integrates organizational personnel, dissemination of information and integration of funds on the basis of the existing 12317 poverty alleviation supervision and reporting telephone work. Among them, the function of organizing personnel is connected with the strength of social organizations in poverty alleviation voluntary service, and under the guidance of the government, participates in the targeted poverty alleviation cause for specific poor groups; the information dissemination function is connected with the work results of the poor population's filing and card filing, and timely releases the poverty alleviation demand and resource supply information, promotes the benign interaction of social poverty alleviation resources, and promotes the dynamic management of the poor; the fund integration function is connected with the poverty alleviation foundation, the design of public offering projects can not only expand the financing channels of poverty alleviation projects, but also improve the management efficiency of poverty alleviation funds. Third, the comprehensive use of financial instruments and means. Effective financial poverty alleviation measures will be an important force for poverty alleviation in the new era. In this regard, we should vigorously implement the targeted poverty alleviation micro-loan project, and strive to make all poor households with labor ability, loan willingness and certain repayment ability by the end of 2017. Get mortgage-free, guarantee-free, less than 50000 yuan (including 50000 yuan), and small credit loans within 3 years to solve the problem of difficult and expensive loans for the poor. Encourage all kinds of financial institutions to township, poverty-stricken villages to set up service outlets. Establish a risk compensation fund for poor households, and strive to achieve a loan risk compensation fund of more than 10 million yuan in each county by 2017. Integrate all kinds of financial to household discount policies, and the government will fully discount interest on poverty alleviation micro-credit loans for poor households at the benchmark interest rate. Loans to poor households are settled and discounted on an annual basis, with a maximum discount period of three years. We will step up efforts to establish mutual aid funds for poverty alleviation in poor villages, strive to achieve full coverage of village-level mutual aid funds in all poor villages by 2020, and make the scale of mutual aid funds in each poor village not less than 200000 yuan through provincial, municipal and county poverty alleviation fund subsidies and social assistance. Source: China Development Watch | Time: August 26, 2015 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2015-09-14
万俊毅：农牧企业转型已在路上
2015-08-24
Research on domestic support of agriculture in ChinaEditor's note: in recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy and the enhancement of comprehensive national strength, the level of domestic support for agriculture has been continuously improved, which has aroused foreign attention, heated discussion and even questioning. How to objectively evaluate China's agricultural support policy and grasp the essence of China's agricultural support policy is not only vital to the healthy development of China's agriculture, but also of great significance to global food security. To this end, the Agricultural Trade Promotion Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and the International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), a well-known international research institution, have conducted cooperative research on China's agricultural support. [1] the research report systematically combs the situation of China's agricultural support policies, analyzes the essential characteristics, and puts forward the choice direction of China's agricultural support policies. Now the Chinese and English versions of the research report have been published ( http://ictsd.org/ I /publications/162727/). The main points of the report are summarized below. 1. the Essential Characteristics of China's Agriculture and Rural Economy the essential characteristics of China's agriculture and rural economy are the most important factors considered in the introduction of China's agricultural and rural policies, and are also the key to accurately understand and grasp the essence of China's agricultural support policies. The dual structure of China's economy is characterized by a large gap between urban and rural areas. China is a large developing agricultural country with a large population base, a serious shortage of agricultural resources per capita, a small scale of agricultural operations, low farmers' income, a considerable number of farmers below the poverty line, and a large proportion of agricultural products are produced and consumed by themselves. These basic facts determine that China's agriculture is a livelihood agriculture, which plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring food security and farmers' livelihood security and promoting rural development. China's agriculture has remarkable multi-functional characteristics in replacing social security, eliminating poverty, playing an economic buffer role, protecting the ecological environment and inheriting culture. China's agriculture has the following three essential characteristics. The main body of Chinese agriculture in (I) is the livelihood agriculture first of all, China's agriculture is based on small-scale family farms. This is related to China's dual structure and the inability of labor, as an important factor of production, to move freely between countries. China's per capita arable land resources are less than 40% of the world average, and per capita water resources account for 1/4 of the world average; per capita grassland resources are 32% of the world average. China's agriculture is dominated by family management, and the number of farmers is huge, and the number of 2009 farmers reaches 0.183 billion. The scale of operation of farmers is small, and the scale of agricultural land per household is only 0.66 hectares, which is equivalent to 1/3 of that of South Korea and Japan, 1/40 of that of the European Union and 1/400 of that of the United States. Even in Heilongjiang Province, which has the most abundant cultivated land resources, the average cultivated land area of rural households is only 3.04 hectares, and the average cultivated land area of 13 major grain producing provinces is only 0.73 hectares. Secondly, agriculture is an important source of income for Chinese farmers and their livelihood. Agriculture is an important source of income and livelihood for the 0.67 billion rural population (according to China's statistics, those who live in cities for more than half a year are urban population). In 2010, among farmers' income, family business income (mainly agricultural business income) accounted for 61% of farmers' total income and 48% of farmers' net income. The income of farmers in the main grain-producing areas is more dependent on agriculture. Third, the income level of Chinese farmers is low, and a considerable number of people live below the poverty line. In 2010, the per capita annual net income of Chinese farmers was 5919 yuan, less than one-third of the disposable income of Chinese urban residents. The majority of farmers in China are subsistence farmers, and a significant portion of the population lives below the poverty line. According to China's current poverty standard per capita net income of 2300 yuan, there are still 0.128 billion poor people in China, most of whom live in rural areas and belong to the agricultural population. (II) China's agriculture is food security as the core of agriculture ensuring the food security of the 1.3 billion population has always been the most arduous task and the most fundamental goal facing China's agriculture. This determines that China's agriculture cannot be commercial agriculture, and it is impossible to pursue commercial interests through trade as the goal of agricultural development. Ensuring food security is a worldwide problem. The food crisis in recent years has warned us that the basis of food security is the improvement of food production capacity, especially in countries with large population, low income and backward infrastructure. It is very important to develop food production. In 2011, the global output of the three major cereals was 2.06 billion tons, and the global import trade volume was 0.27 billion tons, accounting for about 13% of the total output. This means that more than 85% of the global food security and food supply problems are solved by domestic food production, and trade only affects less than 15% of the food security and food supply problems. Therefore, the role of trade in food security cannot be overstated at any time. China is the most populous country in the world. At present, the total annual grain consumption is about 0.515 billion tons, accounting for 25% of the world. If China's imports reach 10% of domestic consumption, it is equivalent to 20% of the world's three major grain imports. In particular, China's important ration variety rice, the global annual trade volume is only 35 million tons, less than 20% of domestic consumption. Therefore, China's food security must be based on domestic production and achieve basic self-sufficiency, and it is impossible to rely on the international market to a large extent. Considering the existence of a large number of low-income people, limited purchasing power, weak domestic infrastructure and limited transportation capacity, considering the economic and physical availability of food, it is unrealistic to rely heavily on the international market to meet China's food consumption demand and ensure food security. The solution of China's food security is a great contribution to world food security. This is also the judgment of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Therefore, based on domestic production to achieve basic self-sufficiency in food is not only a realistic choice determined by China's national conditions, but also a policy choice that a responsible country should have. (III) the characteristics of China's dual economic structure are significant, agriculture undertakes a large number of social and environmental functions. The process of China's industrialization and urbanization has accelerated when industrial productivity has reached a very high level, which makes the dual structure of China's economy very significant. In recent years, the per capita net income of rural households has continued to grow, but the income gap between urban and rural residents is still very obvious, and there is a trend of continued expansion. The urban-rural income ratio has expanded from 1.85:1 in the mid-1980s to 3.23:1 in 2010. Especially in the underdeveloped areas of the central and western regions and the main grain producing areas, farmers' income is low and it is difficult to increase their income. Although rural infrastructure and social and cultural security undertakings have developed rapidly in recent years, they are still far behind the cities, at a low level and in the initial stage. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2010, half of farmers had no cement or asphalt roads outside their homes, and 22% of farmers could not drink safe and sanitary water. In 2010, rural residents received the minimum living security income per capita in 12 yuan, and only 5% of the 0.128 billion poor received the minimum living security fee. In 2010, the participation rate of the new rural cooperative medical system was 96.3, the financing level was only 100 yuan per person per year, and the reimbursement rate was only 40%. According to the main data report of the 2010 China Urban and Rural elderly population tracking survey, the coverage rate of social old-age security in China reached 84.7 in cities and towns, with an average monthly pension of 1527 yuan, but the coverage rate in rural areas was 34.6, with an average monthly pension of 74 yuan. Under the dual structure, the multi-functional characteristics of agriculture are remarkable, and agriculture has to bear many social, environmental and cultural functions in reality. This is at the expense of efficiency and has a very important positive externality. First, agriculture provides unemployment relief for farmers. Under the condition that the transfer of rural labor force is restricted by many factors, including the absorption capacity of cities and industries, China's agriculture plays the role of maintaining rural surplus labor force and providing unemployment relief for the hidden unemployed in rural areas; under the condition of economic fluctuation, it plays an economic buffer role through the return of labor force. With the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, a large number of migrant workers returned to their hometowns to work in agriculture, and the buffer role and guarantee function of agriculture as a response to the economic crisis was highlighted. According to the agricultural labor productivity of the United States and even the European Union, China does not need a large number of rural population and rural labor force. Therefore, China's agriculture undertakes the function of solving the problem of hidden unemployment in rural areas, and the labor force employment security function of China's agriculture needs to play a role in a long time. Second, agriculture assumes the function of substituting social security. Before the rural social security cause is not perfect and cannot reach the level of full protection, agriculture bears the function of substituting social security. Agriculture is not only an economic activity engaged in by farmers, and the land owned by farmers is not only a means of production, but also an important means of livelihood security. Specific rural employment methods and traditional lifestyles provide the most basic living security and old-age security for the rural population; diversified planting and breeding operations have become an important means to reduce the risk of natural disasters; the retention of small land use rights is an important risk guarantee for many migrant rural laborers. This is necessary at the current stage, at the expense of agricultural efficiency and efficiency. Third, agriculture plays an increasingly important role in eliminating poverty, inheriting traditional culture and protecting the environment and ecology. Rural poverty is a very prominent problem that has plagued China's social and economic development for a long time. Agriculture is not only an important source of basic necessities for the rural poor, but also the most realistic and feasible choice for employment, income generation, poverty alleviation and development. With the development of social economy and the deepening of urbanization and industrialization, the value of Chinese agriculture in inheriting traditional culture and maintaining cultural diversity has become increasingly prominent. With the structural adjustment of returning farmland to forests and grassland ecological construction, the role of China's agriculture in protecting the ecological environment and maintaining biodiversity has gradually emerged. Analysis of agricultural and rural support policies in 2. China the characteristics of China's agriculture determine that China's agriculture is inseparable from farmers' livelihoods and rural development, and agricultural support policies are inseparable from policies such as food security, rural social and cultural undertakings, and rural infrastructure construction. China's fiscal expenditure for "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" is collectively referred to as "fiscal support for agriculture". The "financial support for agriculture" policy covers a wide range of areas, including not only support for agricultural production and subsidies for farmers' income, but also expenditures for the development of social undertakings such as science, education, culture and health in rural areas. it also includes some expenditure on the treatment of major rivers and the construction of rural roads, forest networks, drinking water and other infrastructure. In theory, it is relatively easy to distinguish the agricultural domestic support policies defined in the WTO agricultural agreement from other "three rural" policies, but in practice it is more difficult, because under the "three rural" policy category, many policies and Projects have multiple functions, and many comprehensive expenditures are difficult to accurately apportion between different policy categories. equating the "three rural" support policy with the agricultural support policy will greatly overestimate the level of china's agricultural support. Types, Structure and Level of China's Fiscal Policy for Agriculture in (I) solving the "three rural" issues has always been the top priority of the Chinese government. With the rapid economic development, China's fiscal expenditures for the "three rural" continue to grow, which is important for promoting China's agricultural development and food security and increasing farmers' income. It has played a positive role in accelerating the construction of a new countryside. However, compared with China's agricultural population, farmers' income level, agricultural versatility and social contribution, as well as the need to eliminate the dual structure, China's current level of support for "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" is still very low. Before 2006, China's "three rural" fiscal expenditures included supporting rural production expenditures and operating expenses of agriculture, forestry, water and meteorology departments, capital construction expenditures, three expenditures for agricultural science and technology, rural relief fees, comprehensive agricultural development expenditures, and rural primary and secondary schools. Education expenditure and agricultural tax relief subsidies, etc. In 2006, the total fiscal expenditure for "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" was 317.3 billion yuan. Among them, agriculture, forestry and water affairs, capital construction expenditure, agricultural science and technology expenditure, rural relief fee and others were 216.14 billion yuan, 50.43 billion yuan, 2.14 billion yuan, 18.2 billion yuan and 30.39 billion yuan respectively, accounting for 68%, 16%, 1%, 6% and 10% respectively. Among them, the business expenses of relevant departments account for 68%, including policies of different natures. For example, the business expenses of the agricultural sector include rural public utilities, farmer education, China-Africa agricultural cooperation and South-South cooperation, agricultural resources and ecological conservation, and fishery Proliferation and release, etc. Agricultural infrastructure support includes rural roads and road construction. After 2006, China's "three rural" fiscal expenditures include supporting rural production expenditures and various agricultural business expenses, four subsidies for grain and agricultural materials and agricultural machinery, and expenditures for the development of rural social undertakings. In 2010, the fiscal expenditure on "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" totaled 858 billion yuan, of which the expenditure on supporting rural production, various agricultural expenses, four subsidies and the development of rural social undertakings were 342.73 billion yuan, 122.59 billion yuan and 335.03 billion yuan respectively, accounting for 40%, 14% and 39% respectively. Support for agricultural production expenditures include rural capital construction expenditures, agricultural insurance premium subsidies, comprehensive agricultural development, financial poverty alleviation funds, soil testing and formula fertilization subsidies, grassroots animal epidemic prevention subsidies, and farmer training. All agricultural expenses include the expenses of agriculture, forestry, water conservancy and meteorological departments. Expenditures to support the development of rural social undertakings include rural education, rural culture, rural medical and health care, farmers' minimum living security subsidies, and rural relief. From the breakdown listed in 2007-2010, a considerable part of the first category of fiscal expenditure does not belong to domestic agricultural support as defined by the WTO, the second category basically belongs to domestic agricultural support, and the third category does not belong to domestic agricultural support at all. After deducting the third category of expenditure, the first two categories of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" fiscal expenditure in 2010 was 465.3 billion yuan, and the per capita agricultural population was 680 yuan. If the first category of domestic agricultural support that does not fall under the WTO definition is deducted, the per capita financial expenditure of Chinese farmers that belongs to domestic agricultural support is less than 600 yuan. (II) China's Agricultural Domestic Support Based on WTO Classification in the past ten years, the biggest change in China's domestic support for agriculture is that on the basis of completely abolishing agricultural tax, agricultural specialty tax, animal husbandry tax, and slaughter tax, while strengthening general public services, it has gradually established and improved the four subsidies as the core. The policy of strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers has successively introduced the minimum purchase price system for rice and wheat, and the temporary purchase and storage policies for corn, soybeans, rapeseed and other products, A system of agricultural support policies consistent with China's WTO commitments and WTO rules has been formed. 1. Four subsidy policies grain direct supplement. It was implemented in 2004 and adopted the method of direct payment. Most provinces distribute the taxable land area approved during the rural tax and fee reform, which is not related to the actual grain planting area. Since 2008, the total amount of subsidies and subsidy standards are almost no longer adjusted, and the total amount of subsidies has been maintained at the level of 15.1 billion yuan. From the practical point of view, the grain direct subsidy policy belongs to the green box is not linked to the direct payment measures. Comprehensive agricultural subsidies. The purpose is to reduce the impact of the price increase of agricultural materials on farmers, and to give farmers subsidies for the purchase of agricultural production materials such as diesel oil, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films. In actual operation, on the basis of the approved standards, all localities have adopted the method of direct payment through bank cards. From 2006 to 2010, the comprehensive subsidy funds for agricultural materials were 12 billion yuan, 27.6 billion yuan, 71.6 billion yuan, 79.5 billion yuan and 83.5 billion yuan respectively. In a recent notification to the WTO, comprehensive agricultural subsidies are classified as non-specific product AMS support, but in fact they are increasingly evolving into unlinked income support. Subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery. The country as a whole continues to implement a 30% subsidy ratio. The maximum subsidy for a single machine is not more than 50000 yuan, and the maximum subsidy for individual machinery can reach 120000 yuan. The subsidy method adopts price difference subsidy. When purchasing the machine, farmers can only pay the difference after deducting the subsidy amount to pick up the goods. The subsidy fund is settled by the financial department with the supplier. From 2004 to 2009, the central government allocated a total of 19.97 billion yuan in subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery, driving local investment of 7.19 billion yuan. The 2010 budget is 15.49 billion yuan. Agricultural machinery purchase subsidy is an input subsidy measure, which belongs to the non-specific product AMS support in the yellow box support. Subsidies for improved varieties of crops. There are two payment methods: direct subsidy and differential purchase. Since 2009, rice, wheat, corn, and cotton have implemented full coverage of improved seed subsidies across the country; soybeans have implemented full coverage of improved seed subsidies in 4 provinces (regions) including Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia; rapeseed has been implemented in 10 provinces including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui. Full coverage is implemented in the main producing provinces and Xinyang in Henan, Hanzhong and Ankang in Shaanxi; highland barley is fully covered in Tibetan areas in Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, Gansu and Qinghai provinces (regions). The subsidy for improved crop varieties was 19.2 billion yuan in 2009 and 19.4 billion yuan in 2010. In the notification, the crop seed subsidy policy belongs to the specific product AMS measures supported by the yellow box. However, some experts believe that the subsidy for improved varieties is to encourage farmers to use excellent crop varieties and speed up the promotion of high-quality varieties. It has the nature of agricultural technology promotion and can be classified as a green box policy. 2. Minimum Grain Purchase Price Policy in order to protect the interests of grain farmers, ensure the supply of grain market and ensure national food security, the state implements a minimum purchase price policy for rice and wheat. During the applicable period of the minimum purchase price (generally the harvest period), when the market price of grain is lower than the minimum purchase price, the policy implementation unit shall list the new grain sold by farmers in the relevant production area according to the minimum purchase price; when the market price is higher than the minimum purchase, it shall not start or withdraw from the minimum purchase price in time. The policy was first launched in indica rice producing areas in southern China in 2005. As of December 10, 2010, a total of 36.17 million tons had been purchased. Since 2006, wheat has been purchased at the lowest purchase price in the main producing areas for five consecutive years, with a total purchase of 174.91 million tons. The policy intervenes in the market price of agricultural products, so it is the market price support measure (MPS), which belongs to the specific product AMS policy in the yellow box support. 3. Temporary purchasing and storage policy the temporary purchasing and storage policy began in 2008. The purpose is to avoid the serious impact of low prices on farmers' income and market stability under the current situation of large fluctuations in agricultural product prices. This policy is coordinated with reserves for food security purposes, covering six products including rice, corn, soybeans, rapeseed, sugar, and pork. Due to the high degree of market openness and large import volume of some of these products, and the limited purchasing and storage capacity relative to the output, the actual price intervention effect of the temporary purchasing and storage policy is small, which mainly plays the role of food security reserve. Temporary storage of grain and oil products. Since 2008, China has implemented a temporary collection and storage policy for some bulk agricultural products, with the goal of ensuring the stability and effective supply of the domestic market. From 2008 to 2009, a total of 13.66 million tons of rice, 40.66 million tons of corn, 5.33 million tons of soybeans and 5.56 million tons of rapeseed were temporarily purchased and stored. The state entrusts some enterprises directly under the central government and local enterprises to purchase at a price not lower than the temporary purchase and storage price determined by the state, and the enterprises sell on their own and are responsible for their own profits and losses. The temporary purchase and storage price of grain and oil shall be determined by the state according to the market price, and the executive body shall be responsible for the purchase and sale. The central government only pays the "national grain and oil reserve interest costs and differential subsidies", so it is a public reserve measure with the nature of a green box for food security purposes. Temporary storage of sugar. The main purpose is to ensure the stability and effective supply of the domestic sugar market. After 2005, China has repeatedly acquired white sugar through public bidding. In 2008, the temporary purchasing and storage price was 3500 yuan/ton, and the purchasing and storage quantities of the first batch and the second batch were 300000 tons and 200000 tons respectively. In 2009, the purchasing and storage price was 3300 yuan/ton, and the purchasing and storage quantities of the first batch and the second batch were 500000 tons and 300000 tons respectively. The price of sugar storage in China was the actual market price at that time, and the central government only paid the "national sugar reserve interest subsidy", which was a "public reserve for food safety" measure with green box attributes. Temporary storage of pork. In 2008, the domestic pig prices fell sharply, which caused huge losses to the interests of pig farmers, which caused widespread social attention. Since the total reserve capacity of the central government is less than 1 million tons, it is hoped that local commercial purchasing and storage will play a greater role. The government adopts bank loans, financial discount and other ways to encourage enterprises to collect and store. The central pork reserve is formulated and issued by the government, and the commercial pork reserve is self-financing by the reserve enterprises, and the finance is responsible for the subsidy of loan interest expenses, so it belongs to the public reserve for the purpose of supply security and has the property of green box. 4. China's Agricultural Domestic Support Level Based on WTO Classification due to the great difference in caliber, a lot of work needs to be done to accurately sort out the agricultural domestic support policies defined by the WTO agricultural agreement in the "three rural" policies. The relevant departments are processing the data of 2009 and 2010. Judging from the data that have been reported to the WTO, China's agricultural domestic support as a proportion of agricultural output value and the level of support per household are far lower than those of developed members such as the United States, Japan and Europe. Even according to the overestimated reported data, China's domestic support for agriculture accounted for 12.9 per cent of agricultural output in 2008, far lower than 40.3 per cent, 31.5 per cent and 65.5 per cent in the United States, Japan and Europe. According to the support received by each household, the total support received by Chinese farmers in 2008 was US $536, equivalent to only 0.01 per cent, 0.35 per cent and 2.77 per cent of Japan, the United States and the European Union, respectively. In-depth analysis of China's agricultural support data, there are the following three points worthy of attention: first, the level of China's agricultural support is in line with WTO regulations and China's WTO commitments. In 2008, cotton and non-specific product support, which had the highest AMS support for specific products, accounted for 2.51 per cent and 1.49 per cent of agricultural output respectively, leaving much room for the upper limit of WTO commitments and basically not causing market distortions. Second, the total amount of green box support has increased rapidly. One of the reasons for the rapid growth of green box support is the rapid growth of natural disaster relief expenditure. Due to the large target groups in need of assistance, limited increases in aid standards will greatly increase the total expenditure. Third, the level of green box support in China is overestimated. It is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the "other general services" under the "general services" include the administrative expenditure, personnel wages and subsidies of the agriculture, forestry, water and meteorological departments. In 2008, the "other general services" accounted for 46.8 of the "general services". This part of expenditure is not all agricultural domestic support, and all such expenditures are included in the green box, resulting in an overestimation of the level of green box support; second, the construction of agricultural infrastructure includes a lot of expenditure on rural public infrastructure, which also leads to an overestimation of the level of green box support. Analysis on the Characteristics of Agricultural Support Policy in 3. China the essential characteristics of China's agriculture also determine the essential characteristics of China's agricultural domestic support policies. (I) China's Agricultural Support Is Livelihood Support the target of China's agricultural support is the 0.67 billion subsistence agricultural population, not the commercial farmers. Many policy objectives are directed at increasing farmers' incomes and improving farmers' livelihoods. At present, the level of per capita subsidy is still very low. In 2010, the per capita financial transfer income of farmers was 453 yuan, which was only 7.7 per cent of the average annual net income of farmers that year. In addition, China's agricultural support is mainly aimed at bulk agricultural products, with the aim of ensuring food security and livelihood security. At present, China's specific product support is only for important products related to food security and farmers' livelihoods. In addition to dairy, sugar, wheat, soybean, livestock, cotton and corn, AMS, a specific product in the United States, added sunflower seeds, rapeseed oil, orchards, vineyards, nurseries and other fruits and vegetables, totaling 25 products, with a very wide range. (II) China's agricultural support is a compensatory support the characteristics of China's dual economic structure are remarkable, and agriculture bears a large number of social and environmental functions. This multi-functionality has positive externalities and public welfare, which is at the expense of efficiency. Therefore, at this stage, China's agricultural support policy has a compensatory nature. It is a compensation for the contribution and efficiency sacrificed by agriculture in the process of urbanization and industrialization under the dual structure and in a specific stage. (III) China's agricultural support does not distort international trade This is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, from the nature of the policy, China's agricultural support policies are mainly green box policy and micro-licensing policy, which have no or only slight distorting effect on trade. Second, from the actual effect, China's agricultural support policy focuses on bulk agricultural products, rather than vegetables and fruits, which China has a comparative advantage. In recent years, while increasing the production of bulk agricultural products, China has also gradually increased the import of bulk agricultural products. In 2011, China's three major grains were fully net imported. Since China's accession to the WTO, China has changed from a net exporter of agricultural products to a net importer of agricultural products. The deficit has risen from US $1.18 billion in 2005 to US $23.14 billion in 2010, an increase of 18.6 times. One of the goals of (IV) agricultural support is to respond to international market fluctuations and ensure the stability of the domestic market. In recent years, affected by non-traditional factors such as the development of biomass energy and speculative capital, the international agricultural product market has shown a trend of increasing price fluctuations. The development of biomass energy not only greatly increases the non-traditional, unconventional and unforeseen demand for agricultural products, but also opens up the interaction channel between the agricultural product market and the energy market, making the two closely linked. The large import and export of financial speculative capital in the two markets of agricultural products and energy has become an important stimulus for the large fluctuations in international agricultural prices. Due to the high degree of openness of China's agriculture and the large import volume of some products, the fluctuation of international agricultural products market has an increasing impact on China's agriculture. In this regard, some of China's policies, such as temporary purchasing and storage policies, are mainly to deal with international market fluctuations and ensure domestic production and market stability. Although the actual effect of these policies needs to be further evaluated, the implementation of these policies needs to be improved or adjusted or replaced, but its necessity is becoming more and more prominent. In short, the level of domestic support for China's agriculture has improved rapidly in recent years, which has played a positive role in promoting China's agricultural development, ensuring food security and farmers' livelihood security. The essential characteristics of China's agriculture determine that China's agricultural domestic support policy has the characteristics of livelihood, compensation and non-trade distortion. Although the total amount has increased by a large margin, the per capita level is very low. Continuously strengthening and improving domestic agricultural support is not only vital to ensuring the healthy development of China's agriculture under the conditions of opening up, but also to ensuring world food security. Date: 2013-05-14 15:30 | Author: Ni Hongxing et al. | Source: Agricultural Trade Promotion Center of Ministry of Agriculture | Responsible Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2015-08-20
Transformation of agricultural development mode to promote sustainable development [Farmers Daily]Transformation of Agricultural Development Mode and Promotion of Sustainable Development farmers Daily August 1, 2015 china's achievements in sustainable agricultural development are remarkable, but the challenges are also severe. For a long time, my country's agricultural development concept has not been connected with sustainable development at a deep level, has not achieved a scientific transformation in the system and mechanism, has not been fully reflected in the policy, and there is no scientific and complete measure system guarantee, plus internal and external factors. With the superposition of new and old contradictions, the situation facing the sustainable development of my country's agriculture is not optimistic. China's basic national conditions are that there are more people, less land and water shortage, diverse ecological types, and great pressure on food security. Promoting the sustainable development of agriculture is a major measure to implement the construction of ecological civilization at the 18th CPC National Congress and the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. it is an urgent need to speed up the transformation of the mode of agricultural development, enhance the stamina of agricultural development, and ensure food security. First, on the development path, while strengthening the governance of the agricultural environment, efforts should be made to improve the utilization efficiency of agricultural resources by deepening structural adjustment, strengthening infrastructure construction, and promoting agricultural scientific and technological innovation. Second, in terms of development goals, we should strive to achieve a dynamic balance between the supply capacity of domestic production, international trade and agricultural "going out" and the recuperation of resources, and adhere to the principle of "firmly holding the rice bowl in our own hands". Third, in terms of development steps, scientific planning, orderly progress, pilot projects first, highlight key points, first easy and then difficult, give priority to pilot projects in areas with serious ecological and environmental problems and mature prevention and control technologies, and then gradually demonstrate and promote them. The path of sustainable agricultural development with Chinese characteristics should highlight the efficient use of resources, effective environmental management and ecological security protection, aiming to adjust the development ideas and goals of my country's agriculture, so that it can expand from "ensuring supply and increasing income" to production, life, and ecology. Win-win ". We should take the transformation of agricultural development mode as the main direction, ensure the effective supply of grain and other major agricultural products and promote farmers' income as the premise, take the reform of system and mechanism, scientific and technological innovation and technology promotion as the driving force, take the sustainable utilization of resources and environment as the principle, learn from history and international experience, effectively deal with the severe challenges, break through the resource and environmental constraints of lack of land and water, and make full use of the existing working foundation and conditions, plan major initiatives to effectively promote the simultaneous development of modern agriculture and sustainable agriculture. The road of sustainable agricultural development with Chinese characteristics should conform to the requirements of the times, adhere to the common development of family management and diversified management forms, adhere to the complementarity of traditional intensive cultivation and modern technology and equipment, adhere to the coordination of high yield and high efficiency and the sustainable utilization of resources and ecology, adhere to the complementary functions of government support and protection and the decisive allocation of resources by the market, and accelerate the construction of a new agricultural management system, We will further promote the transformation of agricultural development mode. (The author is Director of the Resources and Environment Research Office, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences)
2015-08-10
Hui Guoqin Hu Shengde: A Review of Research on Rural Financial Institutions[summary] the Fifth Plenary session of the 16th CPC Central Committee proposed to build a new socialist countryside in accordance with the requirements of "production development, affluent life, civilized rural style, clean village appearance, and democratic management", which is the top priority of economic work. it is also another strategic measure to solve the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. The construction of a new countryside is a huge systematic project, and finance is undoubtedly the blood of this project. However, at present, the vast rural areas of our country are in a serious situation of "blood loss of funds", and the relationship between supply and demand of funds is seriously unbalanced, which greatly restricts the sustainable development of rural economy. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the system of rural financial institutions to promote the development of China's rural economy and solve the three rural issues. Key words: rural financial institutions/financial system/new rural construction finance is the core of modern economy, rural finance is an important support for rural economic development, rural financial institutions are the organizational carrier of financial support for agriculture, rural financial institutions system is directly related to the realization of the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. With the continuous deepening of the reform of the financial system, China's rural financial institutions system has undergone great changes. State-owned banks have shrunk to cities, institutional outlets in rural areas have been greatly reduced, rural policy-oriented financial institutions and financial services are being reformed and adjusted, and postal savings have absorbed part of rural funds, making the rural financial institution system more fragile, and the contradiction between supply and demand of rural funds has become increasingly prominent. It is urgent to deepen the reform of rural financial system and improve the system of rural financial institutions. The reform of rural financial institutions is a difficult point in China's financial reform, and it is also a hot spot in the theoretical circle. Problems and Solutions of 1. Rural Financial Institutions System he Guangwen (2005) believes that according to the characteristics of China's rural economy and finance and the problems of existing rural financial institutions, the path to optimize the structure of rural financial organizations lies in the diversification of financial institutions. The way to realize the diversification of rural financial institutions is to open up the rural financial market, establish a mechanism of coexistence, complementary functions and coordinated operation of various financial institutions, break and eliminate the monopoly pattern, and truly form the organizational structure of rural financial industry based on competition. The coexistence of a variety of financial institutions can promote market competition, improve market efficiency, and better meet the diverse rural financial needs. Zeng Jianzhong (2006) research believes that reality shows that the reform of my country's rural financial system has been advancing in the direction of commercializing rural formal financial institutions. As a result, the support for agricultural and rural economic development has obviously weakened, and the rural financial The main supply is insufficient. He Hui (2006) proposed specific measures to build a diversified rural financial organization system that meets the needs of the rural economy: adjust the branches of the Agricultural Bank and use policy means to induce them to increase their investment in agriculture; adjust the business scope of the Agricultural Development Bank to further strengthen the policy The role of finance in supporting agriculture; accelerate the reform of rural credit cooperatives and actively play its role as the main force of rural finance; regulate the flow of funds, make rural postal savings funds effectively return to the rural financial market; establish various rules and regulations for market access, supervision and exit as soon as possible to legalize private finance. The research group of Pingliang central sub branch of the people's Bank of China (2006) believes that at present, the establishment of rural financial institutions is lagging behind, which is difficult to meet the needs of rural economic development; the establishment of rural financial institutions is not suitable for economic development; the establishment of rural financial institutions is not suitable for the capital demand of local economy, After the adjustment and merger of the four state-owned commercial banks, the business focus has shifted to large and medium-sized cities, the credit approval authority of the reserved institutions is increased or reduced, which increases the contradiction between the supply and demand of funds in local economic development; the establishment of rural financial institutions does not adapt to the financial operation mechanism, so it is necessary to integrate the existing rural financial institutions. The principles of integrating rural financial institutions: First, we must adhere to the decisive principle of rural economic level; second, we must adhere to the decisive principle of optimal efficiency; third, we must adhere to the principles of equal consultation and mutual benefit. As far as the idea of integrating rural financial institutions is concerned, rural financial institutions should remeasure the needs of financial institutions according to their respective service functions and network layout, and implement "grasping the big and the small" and "survival of the fittest". Appropriately reduce county financial branches: first, rationally arrange institutional outlets and establish an efficient operation model; second, improve the internal operation mechanism, establish a dynamic operating mechanism; the third is to adjust business strategies and create a good business environment; the fourth is to vigorously expand intermediary business, develop new financial products according to local conditions, and carry out collection and payment, agency insurance, consulting intermediary, safe deposit box rental And other businesses to improve the comprehensive service functions of rural financial institutions. Zhu Feng and Xiao Dongping (2007) believe that the problems of rural financial institutions are: there are few institutional outlets in rural areas, and the coverage is relatively low. Most rural areas only have rural credit cooperatives and postal savings institutions. There is even a gap in financial services in some remote and backward areas; the current government has more controls on the banking industry, and through the restrictions of many factors such as interest rate controls, this has resulted in insufficient competition among rural financial institutions and the monopoly of rural financial markets by credit cooperatives; the existing rural banking financial institutions have low service efficiency, backward means and heavy historical burdens, which cannot meet the diversified financial needs of farmers and rural enterprises. Wang Fang (2007) believes that from the macro level, due to the structural defects of rural financial organizations, the rural financial market lacks competition and efficiency. Although rural financial organizations have a variety of financial forms, such as policy, commercial, cooperative and private finance, they lack pluralistic, complex and effective rural financial organizations. We should adopt certain measures and methods to encourage the normal range of private financial activities, and at the same time appropriately liberalize the access conditions of the rural financial market, and implement the diversification of financial institutions; according to different regions and different situations, we should transform the layout of existing financial institutions according to local conditions, reform or create small and medium-sized financial institutions to serve the local economic development; reform the existing rural financial institutions, Promote the development and improvement of the rural financial system. Research on 2. Rural Policy Financial Institutions neoclassical economics holds that in the basic structure of modern market economy, market mechanism and principle are the basis of social resource allocation and economic coordination, but the market mechanism itself has its own function boundary, which can not solve all the problems of economy and society, that is, there is the so-called "market failure". The rural financial market is the main way to allocate rural financial resources, protect and promote the sustainable and healthy development of agriculture. Due to the incomplete competitive characteristics of the rural financial market and the defects of financial institutions themselves, as well as the industrial characteristics of agriculture itself, there is obviously "rural financial market failure" in the process of allocating rural financial resources, which requires the government to build a scientific and reasonable rural policy-based financial mechanism, so as to correct the failure of the rural financial market and finally achieve a balance, the purpose of meeting the rural financial needs that cannot be met through competitive financial behavior is to consolidate and strengthen the basic industrial status of agriculture and improve the overall welfare level of rural society. At present, from the perspective of organizational structure, the academic circles mainly have the following views on the reform and development of the Agricultural Development Bank of China: the first view is to retain the existing organizational structure of the Agricultural Development Bank of China and focus on adjusting its functions and support; the second view is to merge the existing Agricultural Development Bank of China and its branches with rural credit cooperatives to establish the "Rural Development Bank"; the third view is, merger the Agricultural Development Bank of China and its branches with the basic organizations of the Agricultural Bank of China and rural credit cooperatives to establish a rural regional development bank or local bank; the fourth point of view is to transform the Agricultural Development Bank of China into a rural credit guarantee bank; The fifth point of view is to merge the Agricultural Development Bank of China into the China Development Bank; the sixth point of view is to abolish the Agricultural Development Bank of China and establish a new rural policy financial institution, build a new agricultural policy financial system. Li Hongmei (2005) believes that there are problems in China's rural policy finance: the phenomenon of policy financial segmentation is serious, not forming an overall synergy, the agricultural issuance function positioning is limited, the current system is absent, the source of funds and the use of funds term structure contradiction is prominent, the scope of business is too narrow, operation and management lack of legal support. Countermeasures to improve rural policy finance: integrate and innovate the agricultural policy financial system; expand the source of funds for policy financial institutions; expand the business areas of rural policy finance; formulate special laws for rural policy financial institutions and improve the supervision system. Tang Shuangning (2006) believes that policy banks should reform in the direction of functional expansion, and enhance the service function of supporting agriculture by expanding the scope of business and service areas. The general idea is: functionally enhance the credit function for agriculture, strengthen rural credit services in underdeveloped areas in the service area, especially in the western region and poor counties, implement corporate operations, and ensure development with low profits. Sustainability policy. In terms of subsidies, the state provides certain subsidies to the losses caused by agricultural loans issued by the Agricultural Development Bank in poor counties. In addition to providing financial support for the purchase and reserve of major agricultural and sideline products of grain, cotton and oil, the Agricultural Development Bank should also increase loan investment in rural infrastructure, poverty alleviation and development, and give full play to the guiding role of policy funds for commercial funds. Areas where the bank's institutional outlets are not extended can follow the principles of equality, voluntariness and complementary advantages, and adopt the method of entrusting rural credit cooperatives to provide policy services, if the loans granted to poor counties and poor areas cannot be recovered, the state shall bear and compensate for the risk compensation mechanism of financial institutions to support agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Research on 3. Rural Commercial Financial Institutions the research group of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law (2004) analyzed how commercial banks should position themselves in rural financial activities. The theoretical circle generally and simply believes that the country attaches importance to the development of the rural economy, so the national bank should support the rural economy. This important task must undoubtedly be undertaken by the agricultural bank. However, considering the commercial reform direction and profit-making operation goal of state-owned commercial banks, the view that the "escape" of commercial finance represented by the Agricultural Bank of China from the countryside is abandoning farmers, giving up agriculture and ignoring the countryside, and the state should take administrative intervention measures or give some subsidies to make commercial finance "return" to the rural financial market is too strong emotional, it's actually an irrational view. The Research Group of the Ulanqab Central Branch of the People's Bank of China (2006) believes that, except for the Agricultural Bank, all branches of other state-owned commercial banks should be withdrawn from rural areas below the county level. This idea is mainly based on two considerations: on the one hand, the county state-owned commercial banking institutions shrink their outlets and have limited functions. From the perspective of development, these financial institutions will sooner or later withdraw from the county position; on the other hand, after these institutions withdraw, Its deposit business can be transferred to rural credit cooperatives or agricultural banks, which is not only conducive to the shareholding reform of state-owned commercial banks, but also conducive to the circulation of rural funds. Zhou Jieyu (2006), Agricultural Bank of China should be based on supporting the credit needs of middle and high-end customers in the construction of new rural areas. Specifically, the first is based on supporting agricultural modernization, promoting the formation of agricultural industrial belts and industrial chains, and supporting the development of export-earning foreign exchange, high-tech, tourism, and ecological modern agricultural enterprises. The second is to promote the effective connection between small-scale production of scattered farmers and the large market, improve the degree of organization of farmers' production and agricultural benefits, realize the transformation and value-added of bulk agricultural and sideline products, and support a group of large-scale, strong driving force, and good development prospects. Leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization with scale, characteristics and high technological content. The third is to promote the transfer of surplus rural labor to small towns, and support the construction of county towns and central towns that meet the standards of "industrial support, green environmental protection, scientific planning, and sustainable development. The fourth is to promote the construction of the rural market system, improve the efficiency of product circulation, guide the adjustment of the county economic structure and promote the regionalization and intensification of production, and support the construction of the rural commodity circulation system. Fifth, based on the development of scarce and monopolistic tourism, mineral deposits, energy and other resources in rural areas, strengthen support for characteristic resource development projects in counties rich in characteristic resources such as tourism, minerals, and hydropower. Sixth, based on improving the rural economic development and investment environment, support rural infrastructure projects and communications and power construction projects. Seventh, it is based on promoting the local re-employment of surplus rural labor force and supporting the development of labor-intensive small and medium-sized enterprises in the county. The eighth is to support the development of rural science, education, culture, health and other social undertakings based on improving the quality of farmers and their ability to produce and find jobs. Ninth, based on improving farmers' production capacity and living standards, support farmers' production and consumption activities with good credit and the ability to repay. The tenth is to cooperate with major national new rural construction projects and support the construction of major transportation networks, energy systems, and water conservancy projects in rural areas. Reform and Development of 4. Rural Cooperative Financial Institutions Zhang Xiaoshan (2001) believes that rural credit cooperatives should continue to be regulated in accordance with the principle of cooperative system. First of all, to further clarify the cooperative financial property rights relationship, to ensure that members of the ownership of the equity funds. Establish a representative assembly of members, a board of directors and a board of supervisors with democratic management powers worthy of the name, and strengthen internal control. Secondly, the government should give full operational autonomy to grass-roots credit cooperatives with independent legal personality, so that rural credit cooperatives can become farmers' own financial organizations. The Research Group of Jiujiang Central Sub-branch of the People's Bank of China (2004) believes that according to the results of academic discussions, the primary task facing rural credit cooperatives at this stage is to clarify property rights. This means that whether it is a cooperative system, a joint-stock cooperative system, or a joint-stock system, rural credit cooperatives must choose a property rights model that suits them. It does not matter which one they choose, as long as they can clarify their property rights. However, the reform of property rights will inevitably bring about the adjustment of the organizational structure, which makes the specific organizational form of rural credit cooperatives change. The reform of rural credit cooperatives should not be "one size fits all", but should proceed from reality and treat them differently. On the premise of adhering to the general direction of "shareholding system" reform, it should be implemented step by step according to local conditions and adopt specific organizational forms in line with local characteristics. Tang Shuangning (2006) believes that from the general direction, rural credit cooperatives will transition to community banks in ten years. However, the whole country should treat it differently and adopt a "one size fits all" approach according to local conditions. For some areas with developed economy, high degree of marketization and urban-rural integration, they have fully met the operating conditions of commercial banks, and their own operation is also very good. They can become commercial banks. For example, rural commercial banks have been established in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen. For western regions such as Qinghai, which may still not have the conditions for commercial operation ten years later, rural credit cooperatives do not necessarily have to transition to banks. Compared with the Agricultural Bank, the rural banking institutions formed by the reform of rural credit cooperatives are commercial banks in nature, but they are still rural commercial banks. They belong to small banks and community banks, and they still face agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Yu Xiaoping (2006) believes that new and real cooperative financial organizations should be redeveloped and cultivated according to the principle of cooperative system. The cultivation of new cooperative financial organizations should strengthen the establishment of property rights system and the improvement of corporate governance structure. First, the establishment of the property rights system. The new rural cooperative financial organization shall set up state shares, legal person shares and individual shares according to the main body of investment. Members shall take shares on a voluntary basis, and state-owned shares shall not participate in the expansion of shares. They shall withdraw from the rural cooperative financial organization in an appropriate way at an appropriate time, so as to truly reflect the private nature of the rural cooperative financial organization and achieve a truly efficient and profitable return to the countryside and farmers. This will not only enrich the capital of rural cooperative organizations, but also effectively mobilize the enthusiasm of shareholders and members to participate in the management of rural cooperative financial organizations. Second, the establishment of corporate governance structure. The corporate governance structure of rural cooperative financial organizations refers to the establishment of members' congresses, councils, supervisory boards and management departments and their mutual checks and balances, as well as decision-making, implementation and supervision mechanisms. The outstanding feature of rural cooperative financial institutions is the democratic nature of management. Under the new system, the system of members' congresses should be improved, major matters (including the election of directors) should be discussed and decided by the members' congresses, and credit and finance should be made public to members and subject to supervision. The chairman and director of the cooperative financial organization shall be set up separately to give full play to the decision-making function of the board of directors on important matters (including the appointment of the director). Attention should be paid to the supervisory and auditing function of the supervisory board. A certain proportion of the members of the board of directors and the board of supervisors shall be members of the society. Third, build industry self-regulatory organizations in the form of cooperative systems. Build an industry self-regulatory organization system that can reflect the independence of cooperative financial organizations and strengthen their supervision, embody the principle of cooperation and give full play to the role of legal organizations at all levels. The "pyramid" model can be adopted to gradually form a bottom-up, layer-by-layer holding, top-down, level-by-level management and service through the establishment of grass-roots cooperative banks, regional cooperative banks and central rural cooperative banks. Legalization of Informal Finance in Rural 5. At present, there are still many "non-governmental" financial organizations in rural areas, and their development also shows the characteristics of regional differences (Li Danhong, 2000). In the relatively developed eastern regions, such as Zhejiang, Fujian and other places, private finance is very active and large-scale, and various forms of "lifting meetings" and "silver backs" are the most common. People in addition to financial fraud, usury antipathy, the private financial completely accept, the local government also acquiesced in its existence. In the economically backward western region, private finance is not active, mainly non-interest friendship loans and high-interest usury. The development of private finance focuses on guidance, which mainly includes the following aspects; first, it must be recognized in policy. Starting from the improvement of relevant laws, systems and policies, private finance can participate in rural financial activities freely, openly and transparently through long-term institutional arrangements. Second, private finance should be included in formal financial arrangements. Support and encourage the development of rural private finance to various types of credit cooperation institutions, and guide private funds to participate in the property rights reform of formal financial organizations. Third, allow the development of small and medium-sized private banks. For the development of more mature and standardized forms of private finance, consideration can be given to the direct restructuring of private small and medium-sized commercial banks. Through policy guidance, capital absorption, new institutions and other ways, a large number of private credit funds into the open, standardized operating system, by the financial regulatory authorities to manage and monitor, can effectively reduce regulatory costs and financial risks. Han Qiang and Yang Hui (2005) believe that due to the widespread problem of "difficult loans", especially farmers have no property to mortgage, private loans are given room to survive. From the perspective of borrowing sources, the proportion of loans from formal financial institutions in farmers' loans is relatively low, and the proportion of private finance, especially private lending, is relatively large. According to a central bank research project (Wen Tiejun, 2000), farmers borrow about 70% from private financial intermediaries and about 25% from formal financial intermediaries. Zhao Quanmin believes that private lending, which is outside the official supervision, is essentially a kind of short-term investment or speculative personal financial behavior launched by the private sector outside the national monetary policy regulation and regulation of the financial market. As a kind of lending capital, the existence and development of private lending has its objectivity and inevitability. First of all, market demand is the internal basis for the occurrence and development of private lending, and the development of private lending is actually the product of market demand and the increase in the degree of monetization of the rural economy. Secondly, the lack of vitality and strength of the rural formal financial system under the characteristics of financial repression provide opportunities and space for private lending. Thirdly, the unique transaction, contract mechanism and information symmetry are the inherent advantages of the development of private lending. Finally, profit-seeking is an important reason for the development of private lending. Mao Yushi believes that the biggest problem in the current rural financial system is government regulation, and the most effective solution is to liberalize the rural financial system, legalize "underground finance", and turn reasonable underground finance into above-ground finance. Promote the development of rural economy. The Research Group of the Ulanqab Central Sub-branch of the People's Bank of China (2006) believes that many economists have found through a large number of empirical studies in developing countries that the coverage of financial services for farmers by formal financial organizations is often less than 20% of the total number of farmers. Rural financial services need to be met by rural informal or private finance. Conditional allowing the legalization of private finance can provide good environmental conditions for the development of various rural cooperative finance in which farmers participate independently. Zheng Liangfang (2006) believes that for the informal financial market of rural private free lending, the "Private Lending Management Measures" should be issued as soon as possible to standardize it, which is conducive to the construction of a harmonious rural society. It is advisable to adopt policies for rural private free lending to guide it to serve farmers and help farmers solve the temporary needs of production and life, and it is not advisable to adopt simple suppression measures. Free lending between farmers is a traditional form of lending, although it does not belong to cooperative financial organizations, but it has the nature of mutual financial assistance, familiar and used by the majority of farmers, is an important form of private lending. Review of 6. Research on Rural Financial Institutions comprehensive domestic research status can be seen that allowing rural financial institutions to diversify the system and promoting competition among rural financial institutions has almost become a multi-party consensus to solve the current rural financial problems. However, there are still great differences on the specific nature of financial institutions. Yang Rong (2005) believes that a multi-level, diversified and complex credit-based agricultural financial institution system should be established, that is, China's rural financial organization system model should be based on commercial finance, supplemented by cooperative finance and policy finance, and a diversified financial institution system supplemented by private finance. Zeng Jianzhong (2006) studies that China's rural financial institutions can be divided into formal financial institutions and informal financial institutions, the former is the main body of rural finance, the latter is a supplementary form. Guo Yongqiang, Zhang Xuewen, Zhao Chongsheng (2006) believe that, as far as the current situation is, commercial finance is for profit, so it is impossible to become the main force of the rural financial system, but it is still an important part of the rural financial system. Wang Guangyu (2006) pointed out that the ideal real rural financial institution is still the form of cooperative financial organization with property rights for all service objects. In the rural financial reform, the development and establishment of this kind of financial organization which still belongs to the category of informal finance should be emphasized. Therefore, the previous view of "facing and helping farmers" should be changed to "farmers own and farmers manage" in the establishment and layout of rural financial institutions ", the establishment of real rural financial institutions should focus on the idea and positioning of" farmers entering institutional management, institutions participating in farmers' decision-making ", and carry out accurate system design. This may be the best path for rural financial development. China's rural finance must establish a real rural financial institution organization system. Li Shuangbao (2006) believes that from the perspective of financial support for agriculture, not only the commercial financial institutions themselves have realistic constraints, but also the entire rural financial institutions lack a clear leading institution. All financial institutions generally lack the necessary cooperation and are in a loose state. They have not yet formed a real financial system conducive to rural investment and financing, and improved the agricultural policy financial functions of the Agricultural Development Bank, it is imperative to construct a rural investment and financing system dominated by agricultural policy financial institutions. Summarizing the views of all parties, the direction of the reform and development of my country's rural financial institution system should be: according to the actual conditions of each region, adapt to local conditions, establish a diversified rural financial institution system that is different and adapts to the actual rural economic development in each region; different financial institutions Fair competition between the market, not the government or the regulatory authorities, decides what place is suitable for what kind of financial institutions; the government plays an important role in rural financial reform, whether it is policy, commercial, cooperative financial institutions or informal finance, the Government should provide support and guidance, and should support and guarantee the reform and development of rural financial institutions through legislative means; private finance is a powerful supplement to meet the development of rural economy and the demand for rural funds in addition to formal finance, and should be encouraged to develop; on the basis of lowering the entry threshold of rural financial institutions, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of rural financial institutions in order to reduce financial risks. References] [1] Zeng Jianzhong. The Supply Status of Rural Finance -- The Conception of Financial Support for New Rural Construction [J]. Macroeconomic Management, 2006,(8). [2] Zhu Feng, etc. Interpretation of the "New Deal" of Rural Finance [J]. Jinan Finance, 2007,(1). [3] Xiao Dongping. The rural financial system of the United States and its reference significance [J]. Contemporary Asia-Pacific, 2006,(6). [4] Wang Fang. On the defects and innovation of rural financial structure in China [J]. Journal of Yunnan Institute of Finance and Trade, 2004,(5). [5] Rural Finance Research Group of Guangdong Financial Services Office. From the new characteristics of rural financial demand to discuss the reform of rural financial system [J]. Southern Finance, 2005,(4). [6] He Guangwen. The Path Choice of Diversification of Rural Financial Institutions [J]. China Reform, 2007,(3). [7] He Guangwen. China's rural financial institutions should take the road of diversification [J]. Rural Work Newsletter, 2007,(2). [8] Xu Zhangyong, Bai Yongxiu. A review of the theoretical models of reform of several major rural cooperative financial organizations [J]. Economic Research, 2004,(1). [9] Zhou Jieyu. Implementing the Strategic Transformation of Agricultural Bank Business and Promoting the Construction of New Socialist Countryside [J]. China Finance, 2006,(11). [10] Research Group of the People's Bank of China, Ulanqab City Center Sub-branch. Restructuring the rural financial system in the western underdeveloped areas [J]. North China Finance, 2006,(5). [11] Xue Su. Rural credit cooperatives should become the main channel of new rural financing [J]. Market Weekly, 2006,(6). [12] Yu Xiaoping. Analysis of Financial Supply and Demand in New Rural Construction [J]. Journal of Shandong Institute of Business and Technology, 2006,(5). [13] Xu Rui'e. A Summary of Views on the Need to Improve the Rural Financial System in the Construction of New Countryside [J]. Economic Research Reference, 2006,(47). [14] Yang Rong. Building a diversified system of rural financial institutions in China [J]. Finance and Economics, 2005,(7). [15] Wang Shuangzheng. A summary of the research on rural financial problems in China [J]. Economic aspect, 2005,(6). [16] Guo Yongqiang, et al. The Path Choice of Rural Financial Organization System Innovation [J]. Journal of Wuhan Training Institute of Agricultural Bank of China, 2006,(1). [17] State Department. Pilot Program for Deepening the Reform of Rural Credit Cooperatives (Guo Fa [2003] No. 15)[Z].2003-06-27. [18] General Office of the State Council. Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Deepening the Pilot Reform of Rural Credit Cooperatives [Z].2004-08-17. Source: Theoretical Discussion | Published: March 28, 2015 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2015-08-10
Tan Qingxiang Zhang Bin: Analysis of rural residents' housing satisfaction and its influencing factors.Tan Qingxiang Zhang Bin: Analysis of rural residents' housing satisfaction and its influencing factors (2015-05-29) article Source: China's Rural Economy | Responsible Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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2015-08-10
Du Zhixiong Cui Hongzhi: Deepen Rural Reform and Promote "Strong, Rich and Beautiful"In 2015, the No. 1 Central Document will deepen various rural reforms as the fundamental driving force to promote stronger agriculture, richer farmers, and more beautiful rural areas, and clearly stated that "in accordance with the overall deployment of the central government, improve the top-level design, do a good job in pilot experiments, and continue to summarize and deepen, Strengthen supervision and implementation to ensure that reforms have progress and success". Rural reform is an important part of comprehensively deepening reform, and experiment first is the successful experience of rural reform in China. However, how to design the ideas, steps and methods of rural reform in the stage of gnawing hard bones and deep water areas, and how to really give full play to the effect of pilot experiments? This paper discusses some immature views on the new situation found in the investigation and evaluation of several rural reform pilot areas. Characteristics of Rural Reform Experiment at Present Stage significant increase in the relevance of reform measures in rural (I) general Secretary Xi Jinping's speech and the "decision" of the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee have repeatedly stressed that deepening reform should pay attention to systematicness, integrity and synergy (referred to as the "three characteristics"). Document No. 1 proposes a series of major rural reforms. On the whole, there is a strong correlation between many reform contents. Whether the reform measures can achieve the expected results depends to a large extent on the matching status between the various reform measures. A typical case in recent years is that people are generally concerned about the mortgage loan of collective construction land such as agricultural land and rural homestead. In fact, this is a very strong problem of "three characteristics". Rural land mortgage first involves the integrity of agricultural land and construction land rights, and secondly involves the legal qualification of whether it can be mortgaged. Even if these obstacles are gone, there is ultimately a question of whether land capital can be cashed in and settled in the market. Therefore, the existence of a fully functional and realizable land transaction market is necessary. Otherwise, if the mortgaged land cannot be realized, the enthusiasm of the bank cannot be too high. The current academic research, policy discussions, reform experiments, etc., pay much more attention to the first two than to the settlement of the bank mortgage land market. The experiment of the reform of the management system and mechanism of innovative agricultural support funds in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, illustrates the importance of the relevance and synergy between various rural reforms from both positive and negative aspects. Bijie is a typical poor area. Since the reform and opening up, the higher-level departments of Bijie's financial support for agriculture has a large amount of funds. However, due to the imperfect system and mechanism of financial support for agriculture funds, the limited financial support for agriculture funds have not exerted the greatest benefits, and it is even more difficult to play the leading role of "four or two allocations. Bijie agriculture as a whole is relatively backward, the poverty of the rural population is large, the degree of poverty is deep. In view of this situation, the theme of the rural reform experiment in Bijie City is to innovate the management system and mechanism of financial support for agriculture funds, and to explore the fund integration mechanism with project integration to avoid institutional obstacles as the core. Whether this approach can be effective requires certain conditions. One is to have strong organizational leadership. Otherwise, it is impossible to have a unified, coordinated and complementary project declaration at the county level. The second is to have scientific planning to lead. Otherwise, the more money is integrated, the greater the waste is likely to be. Third, there should be a financial supervision mechanism to support. After the funds are integrated and used, the effectiveness of departmental supervision is reduced, requiring new regulatory measures to supplement and replace the original regulatory measures. To this end, Bijie City has carried out a number of supporting reform initiatives. First, do the planning. Bijie Experimental Zone adopts planning first to plan and determine projects; establishes a project library, starts from the source of budgeting, and realizes fund integration through project integration, thus avoiding institutional obstacles. Second, pay attention to the participation of farmers in the implementation of the project. The construction of small rural infrastructure such as Lianhu Road and Yuanba cement hardening does not engage in bidding, but allows farmers to do it themselves, which not only ensures the quality of work, but also promotes farmers' employment and income, and can also solve the problem of insufficient project funds. In a broader sense, this approach will also provide a carrier for promoting rural democratization, mobilizing farmers to participate in community public affairs, and improving rural governance. Third, establish a financial supervision mechanism. There are relatively standardized application, approval, fund supervision and acceptance procedures for departmental project funds. In terms of agricultural support funds and project supervision, strengthen the supervision, inspection and audit of the establishment, use, management, project management and protection of agricultural project funds, encourage supervision from all walks of life, and build financial and industry supervision, audit supervision, social supervision, Discipline inspection and supervision and other parties participate, county (District), township (town), village and group four in one multi-level, all-round supervision and inspection system of supporting agriculture projects. In the form of supervision, five supervision carriers with complementary functions have been established: "Consensus Network of Agriculture-related Funds", network supervision platform, SMS notification platform, telephone inquiry platform and public announcement column. The survey found that Bijie City attaches great importance to the reform of the associated and collaborative work methods have produced good results, the infrastructure in some areas has been significantly improved in a relatively short period of time, farmers' income has also been greatly improved. However, the reform of the Bijie Experimental Zone is a partial exploration under the condition that the fragmentation of financial funds for supporting agriculture has not changed. At present, there are many management departments for supporting agriculture projects in China, many channels for fund allocation, inconsistent project application time, and different acceptance methods for projects. A considerable part of the funds for supporting agriculture are still used in a scattered way. This limitation of reform illustrates another aspect of the importance of focusing on the relevance and synergy approach of reform. The relationship between the direct effect of (II) reform and the overall effect and potential impact is closer. The effect and impact of any reform initiative are multifaceted. The reform should not only pay attention to its direct effect, but also pay attention to its long-term effect and potential impact, and strive to avoid the situation that "there are more new problems than solved problems. The experiment of urban-rural integration system construction in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, takes the construction of new rural communities as the combination point of overall urban and rural development, the entry point of promoting urban-rural integration, and the growth point of promoting rural development. According to the principle of "classified guidance, voluntary masses, industry-based, employment-oriented, livelihood first, and acting according to one's ability", the planning of 3571 administrative villages in the city will be integrated into 900 communities. As of the end of 2014, the city has started the construction of 352 new rural communities, completed various types of capital investment of 38.96 billion yuan, completed the construction of 39.196 million square meters of houses, and occupied 142000 farmers. The survey found that the exploration of Xinxiang City has produced many positive effects, such as the improvement of the intensive use of rural land resources, the obvious improvement of farmers' living and living conditions in a relatively short period of time, the improvement of the efficiency of government public resources input, and so on. However, this reform pilot has also led to some noteworthy joint and chain effects. The capacity of rural sustainable development is weakened. After the merger of villages, the right of farmers as the main body to the conversion and development of rural land, that is, the right to development of agricultural land, has been weakened. In the village renovation through the "increase and decrease linkage" of land and "linkage between people and land", the vacated construction land needs to be recultivated, and some of them are classified as permanent basic farmland, and collectives and farmers have lost the development of non-agricultural industries. space. Even in those villages that are not linked to land increase or decrease, most of the construction land vacated by them is used by enterprises for development. The forms of development include building houses for sale, using surplus construction land indicators to develop non-agricultural industries, etc. Collective and farmers still have no space to develop non-agricultural industries. 2. The livelihood security of farmers is threatened. The merger of villages disintegrates the traditional livelihood model of farmers. First, village mergers are often accompanied by the transfer of land to new agricultural business entities, and the function of land to protect farmers' employment and old-age care is further weakened. Second, the offspring of farmers will be difficult to enjoy free use of homestead. Third, the commercialization of farmers' lifestyles and the increase in the cost of living. Fourth, the living environment of farmers is no longer a society of acquaintances, and the mechanism of mutual aid among villagers weakens or even disappears. 3. Potential threats to food security. Xinxiang is a national commodity grain base, a high-quality wheat production base and a production and processing base for grain and livestock products in Henan Province. Innovating the mechanism of food security, cultivated land protection and land intensive and economical use is an important experimental content of Xinxiang experimental area. At the practical level, Xinxiang City tries to ensure the output rate of arable land by strengthening the construction of high-standard grain fields and innovating agricultural management mechanisms; through comprehensive land improvement and exploring the policy of linking people to land, solve the contradiction between agriculture, industry and urban land, so as to ensure the amount of arable land. However, this logical and reasonable reform idea has encountered challenges in practice. Whether it is the "increase or decrease linkage" of urban and rural construction land, the comprehensive land renovation, or the "human land linkage", the vast majority or even all farmers in a village are required to complete the demolition of old and new buildings in a relatively short period of time, so as to ensure the increase of cultivated land quantity and urban construction land index through the reclamation of old villages. However, there is a general difference in the willingness of farmers to demolish the old and build the new in the village renovation. Differences in family economic status, population size and structure, nature and location of employment, quality, area and location of old houses will affect farmers' willingness to participate in demolishing old houses and building new ones. If some farmers are unwilling to demolish the old and build the new, the old villages will be difficult to reclaim, and the amount of arable land will not increase but face the risk of decreasing. Moreover, concentrated residence has accelerated the transfer of farmers' contracted land to companies and large producers. After the transfer of rural land, the planting structure presents the phenomenon of non-agricultural and non-grain, and the risk of food security is further highlighted. Existing (III) policies and laws and inconsistencies between different laws are highlighted. Reform and innovation is undoubtedly in line with existing policies, laws and regulations. But policies, laws and regulations are always lagging behind. At the same time, there are inconsistencies between the various policies of the country, and there are also contradictions and inconsistencies between policies and laws, within various policies, and within various laws. The survey found that incongruity was a serious impediment to the smooth progress of rural reform and experimentation. Promoting the reform of the rural collective property rights system is one of the important reforms proposed in the No. 1 document this year. In fact, the incoordination between policies and laws and the lag in legal adjustments have become important obstacles to the reform of the rural collective property rights system. For example, the decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward: "stabilize the rural land contract relationship and keep it unchanged for a long time." Is the long-term unchanged land contract relationship equivalent to the long-term unchanged land contract management right? When Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, carried out the experiment of urban-rural integration, it was proposed that the rural collective land and other resource assets should be confirmed to the farmers as members of the rural collective economic organizations, and issued ironclad evidence. With regard to compensation for land expropriation, the Chengdu Municipal Government adopts the policy of "who is expropriated and who is compensated. However, in the distribution of land acquisition compensation income, there is the problem of the invalidation of farmers' land confirmation rights, and some farmers are required to divide the compensation among all members of the collective economic organization according to the existing legal requirements, so that the interest demands can be realized. The Beijing Municipal Government also stipulates that "when land acquisition for national construction is encountered, whether it is land compensation for farmers' contracted land, villagers' homesteads, collective construction land, etc., it shall be distributed equally or equally according to the members of the collective economic organization when the land acquisition plan is determined. Quantify". This situation actually reflects the contradiction between the law and the contradiction between law and policy. Article 59 of the "Property Law" stipulates: "The real and movable property owned by farmers collectively belongs to the collective members of the collective"; Article 5 of the "Rural Land Contract Law" also stipulates the rights of members. The above-mentioned legal provisions relate to the farmers' right to membership in agricultural land, which implies the idea of "natural land rights", which is an individual right that dies with the departure or death of a member. The "Decision" of the Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee proposed: "Give farmers more adequate and secure land contractual management rights, and the existing land contracting relationship must remain stable and unchanged for a long time"; Article 26 of the "Rural Land Contract Law" stipulates: "During the contract period, the contractor shall not recover the contracted land". Article 27 states: "During the contract period, the contracting party shall not adjust the contracted land". Article 32 stipulates: "The right to land contractual management obtained through household contracting may be subcontracted, leased, exchanged, transferred or transferred in accordance with the law". The above-mentioned legal provisions relate to farmers' usufruct rights over agricultural land, which implies the principle of property rights of "no increase in life and no decrease in death. In practice, individual rights and property rights are bound to conflict, and the claims of both rights can find a legal basis. For another example, in the reform of the rural collective property rights system to protect the rights and interests of women, especially married women, there are also contradictions and conflicts between laws. Article 32 of the newly revised Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests in 2005 stipulates that women enjoy equal rights with men in the management of rural contracted land, the distribution of income from collective economic organizations, the use of compensation for land acquisition or acquisition, and the use of homestead. Article 33 stipulates that no organization or individual may infringe upon women's rights in rural collective economic organizations on the grounds that women are unmarried, married, divorced or widowed. However, China's "villagers' committee autonomy law" provides for the implementation of villagers' self-determination, which can be passed with the consent of more than 2/3 villagers in the village affairs decision. Although Article 20 of the Villagers' Committee Autonomy Law stipulates that the villagers' self-government regulations, village rules and regulations, and matters discussed and decided by the villagers' meeting or village representatives shall not conflict with the Constitution, laws, regulations and national policies, and shall not infringe on the personal rights, democratic rights and legal property rights of villagers, but it does not stipulate how to review the self-government regulations and village rules and regulations formulated by villagers, how to correct the provisions in the village rules and regulations that violate the law. This situation has led villagers in many places to deprive married women of their legitimate rights and interests on the grounds that the state implements villager autonomy, ignoring the basic national policy of equality between men and women and the provisions of the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and interests. The division of labor and cooperation of "unified guidance and local focus" in (IV) rural reform needs to be strengthened. In order to mobilize local enthusiasm, the existing rural reform experiment adopts the implementation method of "unified guidance and local focus. However, in some places, the change of main leaders and the change of their working ideas make the reform experiment have the risk of poor stability and continuity. During the evaluation and research process, we found that some places simply abandoned some of the original set of test topics and test content. For example, there are four experimental contents in the experimental area of Xinxiang City, Henan Province: coordinated development of urbanization and new rural construction, food security and intensive and economical use of land, reform of rural property rights system, and social management system of urban and rural integration. However, after the start of the experiment, Henan Province and Xinxiang City have strongly promoted the construction of new rural communities, taking the construction of new rural communities as the entry point for the overall planning of urban and rural development and the integration of urban and rural areas. In this case, the reform experiment of Xinxiang experimental area revolves around how to establish a new type of rural community. Some places adopt selective and responsive reform experiments, that is, to carry out pilot projects within their jurisdiction, while the scope of the pilot projects is very small, even limited to a certain administrative village. Implementing the No.1 Document and Perfecting the Experiment of Rural Reform the No. 1 document of 2015 not only put forward a series of major reform contents, but also clearly put forward the reform principle goal of doing a good job in pilot projects and "ensuring progress and success in reform. To achieve this goal, the following four aspects deserve attention: the relevance and synergy between (I) and rural reforms should be well matched. In order to solve the problem of the relevance and coordination of various reform measures in the reform experiment and the serious fragmentation of the reform experiment pilot, the measures that can be selected are: first, strengthen the research on the relevance of various reforms, and clarify which reforms are strongly related and which are weakly related. Second, when determining the test theme and content of the test area, fully consider the preliminary basis of the test area and the completion of other reforms that are strongly related to the test theme and content. Third, we should encourage the rural reform pilot areas to include the reform experiments in various fields in rural areas, especially the reform items put forward by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, into the pilot areas as far as possible, so as to facilitate the coordinated promotion of various reforms and give full play to the comprehensive effects of the experimental areas. The direct effect of the (II) reform experiment needs to be well balanced with the overall effect and potential impact. Reform is a means, not an end. Whether the reform achieves its goal should not only look at its direct benefits, but also its possible negative effects and potential impacts. Taking into account the relationship between the direct effect of the reform experiment and the overall effect and potential impact, the key measure is to build an evaluation system, carry out the post-evaluation of the reform effect in a timely manner, and revise and adjust the reform path and content in a timely manner according to the evaluation results. In order to achieve the goal of reform and experiment, it is necessary to introduce the lifelong system of decision-making accountability, so as to prevent blind decision-making and unscientific decision-making. The relationship between (III) reform and existing policies and laws needs to be addressed the important purpose of the reform experiment is to upgrade the measures that have been tested by practice to be correct at the bottom into policies, laws, and regulations, and to institutionalize the results of the reform experiment. The central government has clearly pointed out that the rural reform pilot area is allowed to break through certain policies and systems in accordance with the law during the experiment. However, due to the lack of clear regulations on the content and degree of breakthroughs, some local reforms and innovations are not active enough, and they always try to circumvent policies and laws instead of choosing breakthroughs and innovations. It should be said that this choice of the experimental area is normal and rational, but the value and effect of the reform have been reduced accordingly. In view of the possible contradictions between the reform experiment and the policies, laws and regulations, we believe that as long as the general direction of the reform in the experimental area is consistent with the socialist legislative spirit and grasps the direction, we can boldly explore. In order to further stimulate the innovative spirit at the grass-roots level, the following measures are proposed: first, the relevant departments of the central government allow approved pilot projects to break through the policies and systems in relevant fields, and make a specific list of the contents and scope that can be broken through. Second, the central government has clearly given the rural reform pilot area the "right to trial and error". Testing is not the same as demonstration. The results of the test include confirmation and falsification. The test is successful and can be promoted as a demonstration experience. Even if the test fails, it is meaningful and can provide reference for other places to avoid detours. Third, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress agreed that the pilot area will not implement the relevant provisions of the relevant laws that are not conducive to the theme and content of the reform during the trial period. Fourth, strengthen the communication between the relevant central departments and the experimental areas, and make a normative summary and affirmation of the innovation and breakthrough at the grass-roots level. The relationship between unified (IV) guidance and local-oriented needs to be well coordinated. In order to coordinate the relationship between unified guidance and local-based work in the rural reform experiment, we suggest that more attention should be paid to the leadership and guidance of the central level to the work of the experimental area to ensure the stability of the reform experiment. First, when selecting the rural reform pilot area and the test content, consider the comprehensive factors such as the reform motivation of the test area, the early foundation, and the degree of dependence of the test content on leadership changes, and do a good job in the risk assessment of the continuity and stability of the test content. Second, the place applying for the test area should clearly promise the stability, continuity, balance in spatial layout and replicability of the test work during the test period. Third, during the implementation of the test, the relevant central departments should track, manage, monitor and inspect the test projects throughout the process. Source: China Development Watch | Release Date: July 31, 2015 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2015-08-04
Du Zhixiong: Food Security under the New Background of Agricultural DevelopmentThe new background of agricultural development actually involves two issues. One is what kind of development trend China's agriculture is experiencing, or what kind of change it is experiencing. The second is how to deal with the impact of the new development trend or changes in agriculture on the food security strategy. Development Trend of Chinese Agriculture in 1. The theme of the conference is food security. In fact, strictly according to the definition of food security, food security is a systematic problem, including production problems, consumption problems, and an intermediate link from production to consumers. Of course, food security is still a production issue first. Since we are talking about production, that is, agriculture, what kind of changes are taking place in agriculture? One is to pay more attention to the development of animal husbandry now and in the future. China's agriculture is undergoing a change from planting-oriented to animal husbandry-oriented. In recent years, the development trend of planting and animal husbandry in the total agricultural output value has been approaching. In the past, many agricultural policies revolved around planting and grain production, or mainly based on raw grain in food. However, many problems in China's agriculture are not entirely the problems of planting industry, it may be more of a livestock problem. Second, the planting industry is experiencing a trend of centralized industrial layout. In the past, many of our agricultural products were not different from place to place. Since 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture has implemented a series of practices to promote the regional distribution of characteristic agricultural products from the perspective of policy guidance. Objectively speaking, China's grain production, including the production of other foods, is becoming more and more centralized. We can see a basic trend just by looking at the three major grain varieties (rice, wheat, and corn). Now the number of counties that produce 80% of rice, wheat, and corn in the country has dropped sharply, which is a manifestation of the partial increase in production concentration. Third, small-scale agriculture is changing to large-scale agriculture. my country has been cultivating a modern agricultural management system in the past two years. The core of the agricultural management system is the cultivation of agricultural production and management entities, including the transformation of professional farmers and large professional households to family farms, land cooperatives, and agricultural companies. Director Chen Xiwen has reported to you the latest figure on the transfer of rural land this year, which accounts for 28.8 percent of the total contracted land area of farmers. In fact, it was only 26% in the country by the end of last year. It can be seen that the speed of land transfer is very fast, and now the 1/4 land has changed from the original land contractor to the new agricultural operator. The question is where did it go and to whom? There are now many companies entering agriculture, and a series of problems may arise here, including the efficiency of agriculture's operations, whether it is necessarily large-scale agriculture that is efficient, etc., and there are a series of problems behind this that have not been resolved. Fourth, pay more attention to the quality and safety of agricultural products. Our country should realize the transformation from the goal of quantity-oriented agricultural development to the goal of equal emphasis and balance between quantity and quality. But now the situation of food safety is very serious, and the quality of food is closely related to agriculture or planting. For example, the feed in the aquaculture industry comes from the planting industry. Many problems in the farming industry determine the quality of our agricultural products. The fifth is to rely more on the role of science and technology in the whole agricultural industry chain. In the past, we may have paid more attention to technology in the field of production. In fact, from the perspective of food security, the role of technology is not only reflected in the field of production, but also needs to enter the field of circulation, such as the Internet of Things technology. There are also many technologies that need to be involved. Without the guidance and driving role of technology, our food security is difficult to guarantee. A very simple example, maybe the total amount of grain in our country is enough, but the main production is in the northwest, and the southeast is lacking. Here we need to rely on the information circulation technology of the intermediate link. Sixth, it is more dependent on international markets and resources. Since 2004, China has begun to transform from a net exporter of agricultural products to a net importer. From 2004 to 2014, the net import of agricultural products has increased tenfold in this decade. The seventh is the transformation of agricultural development from a single production function in the past to a multi-function such as ecological and cultural heritage and environmental protection. This transformation may be a very important direction for the next agricultural development. Leisure agriculture is also a very important manifestation of the versatility of agriculture, which indicates a very important trend in the future agricultural field, which is the transformation from a single production function to a diversified function. From the perspective of industrial development, the integration of agriculture with other industries is reflected in industrial integration. Japan's original Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries proposed to develop six industries in rural areas more than ten years ago. The six industries are industries of industrial integration, that is, one by two by three equals six, and one plus two plus three equals six. Six industrialization. New Changes in 2. Agriculture Require the Construction of Food Security Strategy on the whole, new changes are taking place in China's agriculture. How can we adapt to such changes to construct a new food security strategy? First of all, the structure of our agriculture must be adjusted. How can the corresponding structural adjustment adapt to the change of agriculture from planting industry to animal husbandry? For example, with the development of animal husbandry, we have to return food to the field through the belly of animals, is it through grain or straw? This structural adjustment is also linked to the agricultural support and protection system. For example, agriculture has now shifted from price protection to income protection. All our current food subsidies are aimed at the grains produced. With the change of agricultural structure, how can the agricultural support and protection system adapt to this change? To reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the production field, there must be some alternatives such as biological or organic fertilizers. Now we all know that on the one hand, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used excessively, and on the other hand, they are still being subsidized. The comprehensive subsidy is to subsidize farmers to purchase fertilizers. These new organic fertilizers and biopesticides are not included in the comprehensive agricultural subsidies, so how can our support and protection system adapt to such a change? There is also the fact that when we talk about food security, we are always talking about production, but our waste is very serious, the 16th of this month is International Food Day, and the theme of this year's Food Day is one called family farming and one is to save food. In fact, after my country's grain is produced, there is a lot of waste in the circulation, purchase, and consumption links. How can we construct a new consumption model of agricultural products to minimize production and reduce pressure on the ecology and environment? Maintaining the sustainable growth of agriculture is also a problem. There is also a question of price. A very big reform that is being pushed forward in our country is the shift from a minimum purchase price system to a target price system, which will certainly lead to an increase in the prices of agricultural products, but when the prices of agricultural products go up, what about urban low-income people? Therefore, to construct a low-income protection policy, only under this premise to allow a moderate increase in the price of agricultural products, especially food. There is also the problem of eco-friendly agricultural production methods, which are related to the biological pesticides and organic fertilizers mentioned above. How to choose the path of China's agricultural modernization? China's agriculture is the traditional mode of production of small farmers, the future of China's agricultural modernization is to achieve agricultural modernization on a small-scale basis. At present, many places are encouraging the large-scale, large-scale and long-term flow of land to industrial and commercial enterprises, which has a series of dangers. How to adapt to the series of changes that are taking place in agriculture in the future modernization path of China's agriculture? I personally think that we must find measures and methods to adapt to such a change. This is a very important work for China's agricultural development in the future. This also provides a very broad research stage for our social science workers. Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2015-08-04
Bao Zongshun: How to Lead the Leader in Jiangsu Agricultural ModernizationGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping's investigation in Jiangsu this time paid special attention to the development of modern agriculture, the prosperity of the rural economy, and the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", especially how Jiangsu, as an economically developed region, plays an exemplary and leading role in promoting agricultural modernization. To lead the country's agricultural modernization and lead the way has become a glorious and arduous mission currently undertaken by the party committees and governments at all levels and all sectors of society in the province. Raising the level of awareness active planning and deployment as a coastal economically developed province, Jiangsu has resolutely implemented a series of guidelines and policies of the central government on strengthening the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" since the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", and put agricultural modernization in the overall plan of building a well-off society in an all-round way and taking the lead in basically realizing modernization. Take the in-depth implementation of the agricultural modernization project as the overall starting point, and comprehensively promote various tasks. At present, the development momentum of agricultural modernization in Jiangsu is good. Among the 24 main indicators set in the province's "Twelfth Five-Year" modern agricultural development plan, except for the two indicators of "the proportion of high-standard farmland in the province" and "the proportion of effective irrigation area of farmland", the other indicators have reached or exceeded the schedule. Among them, 9 indicators have achieved the predetermined target value two years in advance. The coming year of 2015 is not only the closing year of the 12th five-year Plan, but also the year of the 13th five-year Plan. Comrades of party and government departments at all levels in the province should not only firmly regard the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" as the top priority in ideological understanding, but also realize that agricultural modernization is the foundation and support of national modernization, and at present it is still a prominent "deficiency", the key difficulties of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and modernizing the country are still in the countryside. my country's economic development has entered a new normal, and accelerating the promotion of agricultural modernization is of great significance to stable growth, structural adjustment, and people's livelihood; in action, it is all the more necessary to actively implement the requirements of the General Secretary for the development of modern agriculture in Jiangsu, and to build Jiangsu into a modern modern agricultural industry system based on equipment, supported by modern technology, characterized by modern management, and with high comprehensive agricultural benefits, take the lead in the country to achieve the strategic goal of agricultural modernization and carefully plan and actively deploy. grasp the development opportunity meet the series of challenges to promote the development of agricultural modernization in Jiangsu, opportunities and challenges coexist. On the one hand, we must grasp the current series of good development opportunities: the party and the country attach great importance to the "three rural" issues, and always insist on the "three rural" work as the top priority of the party's work; the continuous improvement of the agricultural policy system is modern Agricultural development provides a good environment; comprehensively deepening reforms provide new impetus for the development of modern agriculture; increasingly strong economic strength provides a strong material foundation for the development of modern agriculture; the rapid advancement of urban-rural integration process provides a favorable opportunity for the development of modern agriculture; domestic first-class scientific research institutes provide strong intellectual support for the development of modern agriculture. On the other hand, we must also clearly understand and meet the current series of challenges with a positive and enterprising spirit: Jiangsu has more people and less land, and the pressure on resources and environment is increasing; agricultural infrastructure is still weak, and the province's cultivated land is medium and low-yield fields Still account for a certain proportion, some farmland drainage and irrigation facilities are aging, and the construction of farmland roads and bridges is lagging; agricultural public service guarantees are still insufficient, and the prediction of crop diseases and insect pests is not high, the ability of animal disease prevention and emergency disposal is not strong, the breeding industry is not updated quickly, the supply rate is not high, agricultural technology services are difficult to meet the diversified needs of farmers, the docking with market agriculture is not tight, the coverage of information services is not complete, and the information dissemination channels are insufficient; the comparative efficiency of agriculture is still low, the incentive effect of policies on grain producers is declining year by year, and the enthusiasm of farmers to grow grain is not high. Clear development goals comprehensively deepen reform in the process of promoting agricultural modernization, how to adapt to local conditions, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, seize opportunities and meet challenges? Vigorously promote the development of efficient agriculture, quality agriculture, ecological agriculture, sightseeing agriculture, and actively guide the standardization of agricultural production, agricultural management scale, and strive to improve the degree of organization of agricultural production, will be the direction and inevitable trend of modern agricultural development in Jiangsu. Specific from the following aspects: 1. Ensure the effective supply of grain and other important agricultural products and the quality and safety of agricultural products. Stabilizing grain production and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products are the basis for the development of modern agriculture. "Balance between supply and demand and self-sufficiency in rations" is the bottom line of Jiangsu's grain production. We must strictly guard against it and never relax. At the same time, we should make great efforts to promote the standardization of agricultural production, processing and circulation, and strive to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products. 2. Comprehensively deepen the reform of the agricultural land transfer system. Comprehensively deepening the reform of the agricultural land transfer system is the institutional basis for promoting the development of modern agriculture. The top priority is to comprehensively promote the registration of rural land contractual management rights in a down-to-earth manner, implement farmers' land contractual management rights in accordance with the law, and establish and improve the rural land contract file management system; the second is to adhere to the principle of voluntary compensation and respect in accordance with the law On the basis of farmers' wishes, no targets, and no forced orders, accelerate the pilot and construction of the rural land contractual management rights transfer market, explore the establishment of a land transfer risk prevention mechanism and a transfer price market formation mechanism; the third is to actively explore the incentive mechanism for the paid withdrawal of land contractual management rights, so that farmers who are unwilling to continue farming can "withdraw" and "want to withdraw", and are interested in modern agriculture Professional farmers who operate "can farm" and "have fields", and strive to cultivate diversified agricultural moderate-scale operators. 3. Promote the construction of a modern agricultural industrial system. The focus of promoting the construction of modern agricultural industrial system is mainly in four aspects: first, vigorously develop the intensive processing of agricultural products, and strive to enhance the added value of agricultural products. Actively cultivate the "two main bodies" of agricultural leading enterprises and farmers' professional cooperatives, promote the construction of modern agricultural industrial parks, agricultural product processing concentrated areas and agricultural product market systems, and promote the agglomeration and development of agricultural product processing industries; the second is to vigorously develop agricultural product production area storage Facilities, logistics cold chain system, the implementation of agricultural product e-commerce and other marketing models, and actively develop a new modern agricultural circulation system; the third is to accelerate the development of emerging agricultural industries such as leisure and sightseeing agriculture, biological agriculture, and intelligent agriculture, and make Jiangsu the most important agricultural emerging industry cluster and growth pole in the country; the fourth is to highlight the "strong province of seed industry" and strengthen the innovation of agricultural provenances Breeding, building a modern seed industry system that combines production, education and research, and integrates breeding and promotion. 4. Build a new agricultural management system. To build a new agricultural management system, first of all, we should speed up the cultivation of new agricultural operators represented by large professional households, family farms, farmers' professional cooperatives and agricultural leading enterprises, reasonably guide industrial and commercial capital to invest in agriculture, clarify the functional orientation and advantages of different business entities, and vigorously develop cooperative management and industrial management; secondly, we should strive to promote the innovation of agricultural management mechanism, Including the development of agricultural moderate scale operation, innovate modern agricultural management methods, improve interest linkage mechanisms, benefit sharing, and risk sharing, not only protect the interests of farmers, but also fully mobilize the enthusiasm of other business entities; third, in accordance with the requirements of building modern agriculture, accelerate the construction of public service institutions Relying on, supplemented by agricultural operating service organizations, covering the whole process, comprehensive supporting, convenient and efficient agricultural socialized service system, providing all-round and full-process services for the development of modern agriculture. 5. Improve the level of modern agricultural science and technology. It is necessary to build a comprehensive agricultural science and technology system with agricultural science and technology innovation as the driving force, agricultural science and technology demonstration park as the carrier, agricultural technology extension system as the backbone, and agricultural science and technology talent cultivation as the support, so as to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. 6. Strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure. Agricultural infrastructure is the fundamental guarantee to improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, which needs to be continuously updated, maintained and invested in new construction. During the 13th Five Year Plan period, we should focus on improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity. The construction of agricultural infrastructure system should further improve and continue to increase investment in new construction in farmland water conservancy, agricultural mechanization, informatization, facility agriculture, agricultural resource development and land adjustment. 7. Strengthen the agricultural support and protection system. Following the objective reality of high investment, high cost and high risk in modern agriculture, we should increase agricultural investment, innovate the rural financial system, establish and improve the agricultural insurance system, deepen the reform of the rural land system, and improve the long-term mechanism to support and protect agricultural development. 8. Promote regional differential development according to local conditions. The regional differences in Jiangsu Province are obvious. According to the regional natural, economic and social characteristics, and the requirements of modern agricultural development, each region should further implement specialized division of labor, provide differentiated social services, and promote local development with distinctive support policies. 2015-01-14 09:40:14 | Source: Jiangsu, China | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2015-08-04
Hu Glacier: Market Analysis and Policy Evaluation of China's Agricultural ProductsSummary: In recent years, the overall price of China's agricultural products has remained at a relatively high level; and in the market operation of agricultural products (especially grain, cotton and other bulk agricultural products), there has been a self-contradiction of high production, high consumption, high imports, and high inventories. phenomenon. At the same time, China's agricultural policy is also facing the "floor" of higher production costs and the "ceiling" of prices. To this end, this paper first briefly combs the operation of the global and Chinese agricultural products market in the recent period, and on this basis focuses on the analysis and evaluation of the main policies of China's agricultural products market. This paper holds that the implicit condition of China's agricultural product market policy logic is that the overall level of agricultural product prices rises, and under the background of the global economic downturn and the long-term decline of agricultural product prices, the entire Chinese agricultural product market policy system will face great impact, such as price inversion, subsidy "yellow line", agricultural product smuggling and so on. Finally, focusing on the long-term development of China's agricultural production, this paper holds that the focus of policy should be to ensure agricultural production capacity and improve agricultural production efficiency, and it is meaningless to pursue the growth of output quantity. Therefore, in the future, we should establish a three-dimensional agricultural policy system, namely China's agricultural safety net, which can share agricultural risks, make independent production decisions, and comprehensively use policy tools such as monitoring, negotiation, subsidies, insurance and credit. Keywords: Agricultural products market-linked subsidies Production efficiency Agricultural safety net. Overview of Global Agricultural Products Market in 1. According to the January 2015 World Economic Outlook report, the global economic growth rate is expected to be 3.5 per cent in 2015 and 3.7 per cent in 2016, both 0.3 percentage points lower than the October 2014 World Economic Outlook forecast. The main reason is that the price of oil in US dollars has fallen by about 55% since September 2014. The decline in oil prices is partly due to unexpected demand weakness in some major economies, especially emerging market economies. There are significant differences in economic growth among major economies. Among them, the recovery of the United States economy is stronger than expected, while the economic performance of other major economies (especially Japan) fell short of expectations. The United States dollar appreciated by about 6 per cent relative to the real effective exchange rate used in the October 2014 World Economic Outlook. Conversely, the euro and the yen have depreciated by about 2 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively, and the currencies of many emerging market economies have also depreciated. Interest rates and risk spreads have risen in many emerging market economies (especially commodity exporters), and risk spreads on high-yield bonds and other commodities exposed to energy price risk have widened. Dragged down by weak global economic growth, global commodity prices have fallen rapidly, and agricultural prices have also been affected, with a sharp correction. According to the estimation of the Food Outlook of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the global agricultural production in 2014 can be simply described as follows: 2.5 billion tons of grain, including 0.7 billion tons of wheat, 1.3 billion tons of coarse grains and 0.5 billion tons of rice; The output of oil is 0.54 billion tons, cassava is 0.29 billion tons, and sugar is 0.18 billion tons. The total meat output is 0.31 billion tons, of which 0.12 billion tons are pork, accounting for 37% of the total meat output. Milk output 0.79 billion tons, the output of aquatic products is 0.17 billion tons. Global agricultural output is at an all-time high and still has strong growth potential. According to data released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the global food price index was 201.8 in 2014, down 3.8 percent from the 209.8 in 2013. Although the overall decline was modest on an annual basis, on a monthly basis, the global food price index fell by 3.8 per cent from a record high in mid -2014. This means that global food prices fell rapidly in the second half of 2014 (see Figure 1). In terms of food categories, in 2014, the global grain price index was 191.9, a sharp drop of 12.5 percent from the 2013 219.3; the edible vegetable oil price index was 181.1, a drop of 6.2 percent from the 2013 193.0; the sugar price index was 241.2, a drop of 3.9 percent from the 2013 251; the dairy price index was 224.1, a drop of 7.7 percent from the 2013 242.7; the meat price index was 198.3, that's up 7.7 percent from 184.1 in 2013. On the whole, the trend of the global agricultural product price index has gradually returned to the market fundamentals after 2013, so the price has been supported to a certain extent. Except for individual agricultural products, there has not been a sharp drop like oil prices. The meat price index has risen overall. Therefore, the most critical factor affecting the global agricultural product market in 2014 comes from the loosening of the balance of supply and demand, such as: the global grain harvest has brought about a relatively loose grain market, especially the increase in corn production in the United States and China; the weak growth of China's dairy imports has led to a downturn in global dairy demand; The increase in sugar production has further exacerbated the oversupply pattern. Judging from the perspective of market fundamentals, global agricultural prices will remain low for some time. Overview of China's Agricultural Products Market in 2. According to data released by the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2014, the country's total GDP was 63646.3 billion billion yuan, a year-on-year growth rate of 7.4 percent. According to the "Economic Blue Book: Analysis and Forecast of China's Economic Situation in 2015" of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China's economic growth rate will drop to 7% in 2015. The 2014 Central Economic Work Conference pointed out that China's economic development has entered a new normal and is shifting from high-speed growth to medium-to-high-speed growth. In this context, it is necessary to speed up the transformation of the mode of agricultural development, from simply pursuing quantitative growth to paying equal attention to quantity and quality, and take the road of modern agricultural development with high output efficiency, product safety, resource conservation and environment-friendly, so as to achieve sustainable agricultural growth. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2014, the country's total grain output was 607.099 million tons, an increase of 5.16 million tons or 0.9 percent over 2013, achieving a historic "eleventh consecutive increase". Of this increase, 0.7 percentage points came from the expansion of grain sown area and 0.2 percentage points from the increase in grain yield per unit area. Under the background of relatively loose global food market and continuous domestic production increase, domestic food prices remained relatively stable in 2014. Judging from the fixed-base index 100 by 2002-2004, China's average food price index was 198.7 in 2014, up 3% from the 192.7 in 2013, and the rising trend of food prices has been curbed (see Figure 2). In December 2014, the national food price index rose 2.9 per cent year-on-year, of which the food price index rose 3 per cent, the price index of meat, poultry and products fell 0.2 per cent, the price index of eggs rose 14 per cent, the price index of aquatic products rose 2.4 per cent, the price index of fresh vegetables rose 7.2 per cent and the price index of fresh fruits rose 10.4 per cent. In terms of urban and rural areas, the national rural food price index rose 2.5 percent year-on-year, of which the food price index rose 2.8 percent, the price index of meat, poultry and products fell 0.9 percent, the price index of eggs rose 13.7 percent, the price index of aquatic products rose 2.8 percent, the price index of fresh vegetables rose 5.8 percent, and the price index of fresh fruits rose 10.6 percent, among them, the food price index rose by 3.1 per cent, the price index of meat, poultry and products was basically flat, the price index of eggs rose by 14.1 per cent, the price index of aquatic products rose by 2.3 per cent, the price index of fresh vegetables rose by 7.3 per cent, and the price index of fresh fruits rose by 10.3 per cent. From the perspective of China's agricultural product market, on the one hand, the supply is sufficient; on the other hand, the overall agricultural product price relationship has not been straightened out, and the fundamental contradiction of domestic and international agricultural product price inversion has not been alleviated. This has also led to the "destocking" of domestic agricultural products still taking some time. In addition, from a policy perspective, in 2015, China's minimum purchase prices for rice and wheat remained unchanged at the 2014 level, making the overall agricultural product price axis basically maintained at the 2014 level. On the whole, in 2015, domestic agricultural product prices, especially food prices, will continue to operate at a low level, and the main tone of the market is still the "destocking" of bulk agricultural products ". 3. Agricultural Market and Price (I) food for some time, China's grain market has been a "policy market". In 2014, the market of China's major grain varieties still maintained the consistent momentum in recent years, just like the "four high" situation of high yield, high consumption, high import and high inventory mentioned in the "Green Paper" in 2014, which brought a series of problems, such as the "ceiling" of the current agricultural subsidy ceiling and the "floor" of the increase of agricultural production cost. In fact, the policy distortion of the agricultural product market is not only reflected in the grain market, but also has penetrated into almost every variety of agricultural product market in China. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the current systemic problems on the basis of combing the market and price of specific varieties of agricultural products. 1. Rice. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2014, China's rice sown area was 30.31 million hectares, and the rice output was 0.206 billion tons, a slight increase from 2013. According to China Customs import and export trade statistics, in 2014, China imported 2.579 million tons of rice, an increase of 13.6 percent year-on-year; exported 419000 tons of rice, a year-on-year decrease of 12.4 percent. From the perspective of rice consumption, according to the data of the rice production and demand balance table released by the China Grain Network, in 2014, China's total consumption was 0.196 billion tons, of which 0.162 billion tons of rations, 16.6 million tons of feed grain and 13.1 million tons of industrial grain. The total domestic demand has been basically stable in recent years. It can be seen that the annual balance of rice in 2014 has increased compared with 2013. In addition, because rice smuggling has not been effectively curbed, the estimated smuggling volume in the industry is actually greater than the import volume of customs statistics. A variety of factors superimposed, in 2014, China's rice market to maintain the basic pattern of "policy market" has not changed. In terms of price operation, according to the data of China Grain Network, in 2014, rice prices rose slightly supported by the continued increase in the minimum purchase price, and the overall price level was slightly higher than the level in 2013. however, due to the slowdown in economic growth, loose market and low-cost imported rice, rice prices are generally weak. Judging from the price trend of rice throughout the year, it is generally shown as stable and strong operation from January to August, with policy auctions (hereinafter referred to as "auctions") dominating the market; from September to October, the high volatility fell, and the market was relatively loose; from November to December, the high level rose firmly, and the market was strongly supported. Specific to the two varieties of indica rice and japonica rice, although their market reactions are slightly different, this has not essentially changed the "policy market" attribute of the rice market. 2. Wheat. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2014, China's wheat sown area was 24.06 million hectares, and the wheat yield was 0.126 billion tons, a slight increase from 2013. According to Chinese customs statistics, in 2014, China imported 3.004 million tons of wheat, a year-on-year decrease of 45.7; exported 190000 tons of wheat, a year-on-year decrease of 31.9. From the perspective of wheat consumption, according to the data of the wheat production and demand balance table released by the China Grain Network, in 2014, China's total consumption was 0.116 billion tons, of which 84 million tons of rations, 15 million tons of feed grain, and 11.75 million tons of industrial grain. The total domestic demand has been basically stable in recent years. In terms of price operation, according to the data of China Grain Network, in 2014, the domestic wheat market as a whole showed a pattern of loose supply and demand, and the wheat market price remained basically stable in the first half of the year; after the new grain was put on the market, the price was basically on the rise from June to September due to the start of the national market purchase and the reduction of grain sources in the market; in the fourth quarter, the wheat market price was stable and slightly weak at the end of the year. 3. Corn. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2014, China's corn sown area was 37.08 million hectares, and the corn yield was 0.216 billion tons, which was slightly lower than in 2013. According to data released by the International Cooperation Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, in 2014, China imported 2.599 million tons of corn, a year-on-year decrease of 20.4; exported 20000 tons of corn, a year-on-year decrease of 74.2. From the perspective of corn consumption, according to the data of the balance sheet of production and demand released by China Grain Network, China's total consumption in 2013/2014 was 0.194 billion tons, including 13.6 million tons of rations, 0.126 billion tons of feed grain and 50 million tons of industrial grain. Relatively speaking, corn, as feed grain, is driven by the upgrading of residents' food consumption structure brought about by economic development, and maintains a basically upward market pattern in the medium and long-term trend. In terms of price operation, according to the data of China Grain Network, in 2014, the domestic corn market as a whole showed a trend of rising prices and local shocks. From January to June, under the influence of unprecedented temporary purchasing and storage, import return and temporary purchasing and storage of corn auction, the overall price of corn maintained a steady and rising trend; from July to September, the situation of periodic tension in the market did not improve, and the price of corn rose to a record high; with the successive listing of corn in the new season at the end of September and the release of temporary purchasing and storage of grain, coupled with the sluggish demand for feed, the tight market gradually eased; after October, the depressed state of the corn market has not been reversed, and the purchase price is generally high and then low. In November, affected by the overall economic environment, corn prices fluctuated and declined. In December, the market weakness became clearer. Although the corn market is supported by growth demand to a certain extent, in the short term, it is still affected by the overall economic environment. 4. Other. In 2014, the strengthening of domestic corn prices, coupled with the decline in corn imports due to problems such as import returns, directly led to China's imports of 5.413 million tons of barley, an increase of 131.8 percent over the same period last year; in the same period, China imported 5.776 million tons of sorghum, an increase of 4.4 times over the same period last year. According to the current observation, with the further improvement of the income level of urban and rural residents, the consumption of animal food will further increase, and the domestic feed demand can still get strong support for a period of time. In this case, the intervention of corn import and domestic market will inevitably lead to the growth of demand for corn substitute products. In 2013, the domestic breeding industry replaced corn with wheat and 2014 with sorghum instead of corn as feed, which are all examples. In the short term in the future, if the current domestic corn market policy thinking continues, due to the inversion of domestic and foreign prices, and the management of coarse grain imports is not strict, then the alternative imports of other coarse grains will still be inevitable, to a certain extent It will further increase, which may further deteriorate the domestic feed grain market. (II) edible oil seed and edible vegetable oil in 2013/2014, domestic soybean production was about 12 million tons, rapeseed production was about 9.5 million tons, and peanut production was about 14 million tons. In 2014, China imported 77.518 million tons of edible oil seeds, up 14.3 percent year-on-year, and exported 872000 tons, up 0.3 percent year-on-year. Among them, soybean imports 71.399 million tons, an increase of 12.7; rapeseed imports 5.081 million tons, an increase of 38.7. According to data from the National Grain and Oil Information Center, China's edible oil production was 25.056 million tons in 2013/2014, an increase of 5.7 percent over the same period last year. Among them, the output of soybean oil, rapeseed oil and peanut oil was 12.32 million tons, 6.377 million tons and 2.52 million tons respectively, up 6.6 percent, 8.5 percent and 2.8 percent respectively. In 2014, China imported 7.873 million tons of edible vegetable oil, a decrease of 14.6 percent. Among them, palm oil imports were 5.324 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 11.0; soybean oil imports were 1.135 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 1.9; rapeseed oil imports were 810000 tons, a year-on-year decrease of 47.0. However, the increase in imports of oilseeds such as soybeans, discounted at the oil yield, is sufficient to compensate for the reduction in imported oil and fat. Due to the weakening of the holiday effect of edible oil consumption and the reduction of terminal consumption demand, the supply of edible vegetable oil in China exceeded the demand in 2013/2014, with a balance of 2.226 million tons. In terms of price operation, in 2014, the domestic edible vegetable oil market was affected by the overall economic environment, and the overall operation was weak. The prices of major domestic vegetable oils, driven by the sharp drop in international edible vegetable oil prices, hit a new low during the year. Domestic well-known edible vegetable oil processing companies have lowered the prices of small packaged oil in order to expand market share. For example, in December 2014, the price of 5-liter bottled soybean oil in the city was 10 yuan per liter, down 11% from 11.2 yuan in the same period in 2013. Coupled with the domestic oil market downturn, making the edible vegetable oil market situation more severe. In general, in the context of the global economic downturn and the loose edible oil seed and edible vegetable oil market, domestic edible vegetable oil prices will remain low in 2015, and the momentum for its recovery has not been shown. (III) livestock products according to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2014, China's pig, beef, sheep and poultry production was 85.4 million tons, an increase of 2.0 percent over the previous year. Among them, pork production was 56.71 million tons, up 3.2 percent year on year. In 2014, China produced 28.94 million tons of poultry eggs, up 0.6 percent year-on-year, and 37.25 million tons of milk, up 5.5 percent year-on-year. According to customs statistics, in 2014, China's imports of livestock products totaled US $22.17 billion billion, up 13.6 percent year-on-year; exports totaled US $6.84 billion billion, up 5.0 percent year-on-year. Among them, pork imports were 564000 tons, a year-on-year decrease of 3.3 percent; beef imports were 298000 tons, a year-on-year increase of 1.3 percent; mutton imports were 283000 tons, a year-on-year increase of 9.3 percent; poultry imports were 472000 tons, a year-on-year decrease of 20.4 percent; milk powder imports were 1.054 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 22.0 percent. Since China became the world's largest importer of agricultural products in 2011, informal trade such as agricultural products smuggling has been expanding. The smuggling of rice, pork, beef, poultry and other livestock products has been high. According to industry experience, the current smuggling of livestock products is roughly the same as the import volume of customs statistics. In fact, in recent years, the number of livestock products from abroad in the Chinese market has been increasing rapidly, and there is a big difference between the actual situation and customs statistics. In terms of price operation, according to the price monitoring data of the Market and Information Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, the average price of pork in 2014 was 22.5 yuan per kilogram, down 7.6 from the average price of 24.3 yuan in 2013 (see Figure 3). In 2014, beef and mutton prices remained relatively stable, while egg and milk prices hit record highs. Among them, the average price of eggs was 10.8 yuan per kilogram, up 9.4 percent from the average price of 9.9 yuan in 2013, and the purchase price of milk was 4.05 yuan per kilogram, up 11.9 percent from the average price of 3.62 yuan in 2013. In addition to eggs, the prices of major livestock products showed a gradual weakening process in 2014, which is also consistent with the trend of the entire economy. (IV) sugar and cotton in the 2013/2014 sugar squeezing season, the country's total sugar output was 13.32 million tons; the consumption was 15.6 million tons; the total annual import volume was 3.486 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 23.3; the final inventory reached 2.996 million tons, the highest level in history. Generally speaking, the domestic sugar demand is relatively stable, and the domestic sugar market is under strong pressure from the international market. In the context of the continued downturn in global commodity prices in 2014, domestic sugar prices also showed a downward trend in 2014, with the average price falling by 17.4 from 5385 yuan/ton at the beginning of the year to 4448 yuan/ton at the end of the year. Judging from the current situation of the international and domestic sugar market, although some analysts believe that there is an expectation of production reduction in the new squeeze season, considering that the current domestic sugar inventory is still at a historical high, the task of "destocking" in the market is still very arduous. Therefore, it is difficult for the domestic sugar market to obtain strong support in the 2014/2015 squeeze season, and the market is still dominated by a negative atmosphere. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2014, the national cotton sown area was 4.219 million hectares, a decrease of 127000 hectares or 2.9 percent from 2013. The output was 6.161 million tons, a decrease of 138000 tons or 2.2 percent from 2013. According to China's cotton market data on the U.S. Department of Agriculture's cotton production and demand balance table, China's cotton consumption is expected to be 7.95 million tons in 2014/2015, which is generally stable. For the whole of 2014, China imported 2.669 million tons of cotton, a year-on-year decrease of 40.7; cotton yarn imports were 2.01 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 4.2. China's final cotton inventory in 2014/2015 was 13.75 million tons, accounting for 58% of the total global inventory of 23.65 million tons. From the perspective of price operation, due to the launch of the cotton target price reform pilot in Xinjiang in 2014, the price of reserve cotton was lowered, and the global cotton market was sluggish. In 2014, China's cotton prices showed a step-by-step decline. According to the China Cotton Price Index, in December 2014, the average price of 3128B cotton was 13743 yuan/ton, down 41.5 from 19447 yuan/ton at the beginning of the year. Brief Summary of (V) overall, in 2014, domestic agricultural prices overall downturn. According to the current situation, it is expected that in 2015, the domestic agricultural product market will remain low on the whole. Among them, the low price of international bulk commodities, especially agricultural products, is an important reason. In addition, the more fatal problem of the domestic agricultural product market is that due to the long-term dependence on policies, serious basic price distortions and inefficient financial subsidies have been formed. With more and more, huge inventories are becoming more and more difficult to maintain. The entire policy and market space are in a dilemma, making the road of "destocking" in the domestic agricultural product market increasingly difficult. To this end, it is necessary to re-evaluate the current domestic agricultural market policy. Evaluation on Main Policies of 4. Agricultural Products Market For a period of time, on the one hand, in order to maintain the stability of the domestic agricultural product market, the finance needs to pay a large amount of agricultural product storage, purchase loan interest and other expenses; on the other hand, under the background of the inversion of international and domestic agricultural product prices, the cost of domestic agricultural product processing enterprises has increased and their competitiveness Decline, and smuggling has been repeatedly banned. It can be considered that the two policies of minimum grain purchase price and temporary purchase and storage are no longer in line with the needs of the current agricultural product market development to a large extent. Therefore, in 2014, the Chinese government launched a pilot reform of the target price of soybeans in Northeast China and cotton in Xinjiang, hoping to straighten out the price formation mechanism of agricultural products through the target price and achieve the goal of stable production. In fact, whether it is the minimum purchase price, temporary purchase and storage or target price subsidies, they are all price stimulus-oriented and linked subsidies for specific agricultural products. Regardless of whether the current linked subsidy expenditure touches the "yellow box" ceiling in the WTO agricultural agreement, it is also necessary to reflect and re-evaluate the current agricultural product market policy from the aspects of policy objectives and policy effects. Whether it is the decision of the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to "make the market mechanism play a decisive role in the allocation of resources", or the "No. 1 Document" of the Central Committee in 2015 pointed out that "to improve the price formation mechanism of agricultural products and increase farmers' income, it is necessary to maintain agricultural products." Reasonable price level "actually implicitly expresses concerns about traditional agricultural product price support policies such as minimum purchase prices,, due to a variety of factors, such as policy continuity, it is not stated. Therefore, in 2015, the central "No. 1 document" proposed to "summarize the Xinjiang cotton, northeast and Inner Mongolia soybean target price reform pilot experience, improve the subsidy mode, reduce operating costs, to ensure that the subsidy funds in full and timely cash to farmers. Actively carry out agricultural product price insurance pilot. Reasonably determine the grain, cotton, sugar, meat and other important agricultural products reserve scale". This also shows that from the policy decision-making level, the central government has intended to make new attempts. 1. Policy objectives. There is no doubt that the minimum purchase price and the temporary purchase and storage policy are essentially price support for rice, wheat, corn, soybeans, rapeseed, sugar, and cotton. Taking the minimum purchase price as an example, the basic policy idea is: when the market price is higher than the minimum purchase price, the market will spontaneously adjust supply and demand; when the market price is lower than the minimum purchase price, the China National Grain Reserve Management Corporation will follow the minimum Purchase at the purchase price to ensure the interests of grain farmers. The goal of this policy is to provide a foundation for market risks and ensure farmers' income from growing grain, so as to achieve stable and increased grain production. From an objective point of view, this policy goal has been achieved, but it is accompanied by continuous inventory growth, long-term domestic and foreign price inversion, and distortions in the basic price of agricultural products, and these problems are difficult to eliminate in a short period of time. The key problem of the minimum purchase price policy is to disrupt the production order of grain and other staple crops through asymmetric price support policies, so as to achieve the goal of stabilizing grain production. Of course, temporary purchasing and storage also has a part of the policy meaning of ex post relief, but its essence is the same as the minimum purchase price policy, that is, to reduce market risk through policy support and ensure the stability of grain income. According to the 2014 "National Agricultural Product Cost and Income Data Compilation" data, since 2008, the average net income per mu of China's three major food crops was the lowest in 2013, at 72.9 yuan, and the highest in 2011, at 250.8 yuan, with an average of 200 yuan. Therefore, it can be argued that the minimum grain purchase price policy guarantees farmers' income. However, the problem is that in the long run, the overall resource allocation efficiency of China's agriculture will become lower and lower. Under the pressure of long-term downward food prices, the minimum purchase price policy will eventually end when the government cannot afford subsidies. There is no doubt that for China, there is nothing wrong with stabilizing grain production and ensuring farmers' income from growing grain, but the overall policy goal of agriculture actually needs to include improving agricultural production efficiency. The household contract management system actually achieves efficiency improvement through the transfer of rights, and the current price market reform should be to let the risk mechanism force the optimization of agricultural production decision-making, so as to improve the efficiency of agricultural production. Without a risk mechanism, there can be no market-oriented reform, and it must not be the way of market economy to win or lose. 2. Policy logic. The policy logic and derivation of the minimum purchase price and temporary purchase and storage can be summarized as follows: when the market price is higher than the minimum purchase price, the market mechanism works; When the market price is lower than the minimum purchase price, the government starts the minimum purchase price and earns through the inventory mechanism, and then realizes the favorable price sales through the inter-period balance mechanism. When the market price is lower than the minimum purchase price, the income through the inventory mechanism can not realize the favorable price sales, when the market price is lower than the minimum purchase price, the income through the inventory mechanism, if the inter-period balancing mechanism can not achieve the price sales, and can not use the market dominance to achieve the price sales, then further expand the inventory. So cycle back and forth. This policy logic is basically effective for a period of time, at least from 2004 to 2011, and has been affirmed by many parties; since 2012, the policy has been controversial in China. In fact, the implicit background of this logic is the rise of the axis of the overall price of agricultural products. In short, when food prices fall in individual years, it only needs to increase a part of the inventory and take time to achieve the inventory return to the set level; however, the long-term deep decline in food prices will make the inventory higher and higher, which will bring New threats, that is, when food stocks increase, the huge scale not only threatens the stability of the agricultural product market, but also poses a threat to the entire agricultural production and agricultural product consumption system. For example, when the scale of rice and wheat stocks continues to expand, the demand for rice and wheat remains stable, so that the incremental part forms new stocks. The excessive production of grain has squeezed the production resources of other agricultural products, which makes the output of other agricultural products relatively decline, and brings about the unreasonable allocation of the whole agricultural production resources. This irrational allocation of resources will also threaten China's food security with changes in the dietary structure of the population, meaning: in the consumption structure, the production of cereals with decreasing demand is increasing, while the supply of food such as meat, eggs and milk, which is in increasing demand, is insufficient, eventually leading to a passive import situation in China in which food has to be imported due to the inversion of domestic and foreign prices and meat, eggs and milk have to be imported due to insufficient supply. 3. Policy effects: the case of cotton. According to the description of the 2013 "Green Paper", on September 10, 2012, China Cotton Reserve Management Corporation (hereinafter referred to as "China Cotton Reserve") launched the 2012 temporary cotton purchasing and storage plan. Standard grade 328 lint cotton was purchased and stored at a price of 20400 yuan/ton. As of January 25, 2013, China Cotton Reserve had purchased and stored 5.951 million tons of cotton, about 80% of the cotton output this year. If these cotton are stored for one year, the central government will only purchase loan interest subsidies will reach 3.4 billion yuan. In 2013, China Cotton Storage collected and stored 6.58 million tons of cotton (including 4.28 million tons in Xinjiang) at the price of 20400 yuan/ton. Further, as the government launched the Xinjiang cotton target price reform pilot in 2014, on April 1, 2014, the reserve cotton bidding price was adjusted to 17250 yuan/ton. According to the China Cotton Information Network, by the end of August 2014, a total of 2.645 million tons of cotton reserves had been sold in 2013. Apart from storage fees and interest discounts, the actual price difference loss paid by the finance was 8.3 billion yuan. According to the 12.57 million agricultural population in Xinjiang, the price difference loss of this part of cotton reserves alone was equivalent to 663 yuan per agricultural population. Xinjiang's cotton planting area accounts for 1/3 of Xinjiang's total crop planting area. If the number of cotton farmers is calculated according to this, then, this part of the subsidy is equivalent to 2000 yuan per cotton farmer. If calculated according to the total financial loss and cost, it may cost more. However, the actual subsidies received by farmers are not so much, here part of the financial costs and losses are "unnecessary losses", that is, no one benefits from it, does not belong to the concept of redistribution of wealth, these losses belong to the resource mismatch brought about by the loss of efficiency. The cotton market is a more typical case. The rice, wheat, corn, soybean, sugar, and rapeseed markets are roughly the same, but the situation is not as extreme as the cotton market. It is understandable that in the process of policy and market gambling, policy has won the goal in the short term and lost efficiency in the long term, which is not sustainable. To this end, the government launched the Xinjiang cotton target price reform pilot, which triggered the price support "yellow box" subsidy "yellow line". According to the specific operation, from top to bottom: if the "total plate" of the financial budget required for the target price is determined, then the target price will eventually evolve into a "new direct subsidy" decomposed according to the summary data; If the "total plate" of the financial budget required for the target price is not determined and implemented according to the ideal plan, has the finance made corresponding preparations in the continuous downturn of the market, for example, dealing with the market's overshoot is crucial. The former is actually a "green box" in a sense, but it has been "yellow boxed" by itself; the latter is a test of fiscal efficiency and financial strength. In short, in the agricultural market in the context of the continued downturn, the old and new policies are inadequate. 5. 2015 Trend Judgment and Policy Thinking (I) 2015 trend judgment in 2015, both the new global economic situation and the new normal of China's economy actually included the concept of structural upgrading, that is, traditional industries and markets were basically stable, and emerging formats and demand gradually emerged. In this process, it is difficult for commodity prices to obtain effective support and will remain depressed for some time to come. From the domestic situation, with the further improvement of the income level of urban and rural residents, the total demand for agricultural products will further increase, but the demand structure will undergo new adjustments. In the short term, due to the downturn in the global commodity market, especially agricultural products, and the high domestic stocks of grain, cotton, and sugar, the negative atmosphere in the market will remain for some time. (II) policy thinking an important contradiction in the current domestic agricultural product market is the structural imbalance between supply and demand. From the point of view of rations, rice and wheat have been increasing for many years and stocks are high, while the consumption of rice and wheat rations has reached its peak. At this time, it is meaningless to further increase the production of rations. As mentioned earlier, this increase in production also leads to inefficiencies in the allocation of resources, leading to competitive demand for resources in the production of other agricultural products, which in turn raises the cost of agricultural production. At present, there are two reasons for the increase of agricultural production cost in China: the efficiency imbalance between industries. The industrial sector has higher labor productivity, thus providing a more competitive wage rate, while the increase in production costs in the agricultural sector is only a concrete manifestation of relatively low production efficiency and is the inevitable result of the economic system under the role of the market. The resource allocation of agriculture itself is inefficient. There is a natural mismatch between natural resources, labor, and capital. The allocation of agricultural resources should have been optimized through the decentralized decision-making and risk mechanism of the market economy. "You have to tie the bell to untie the bell". The root of a series of problems in the current agricultural product market is technical problems at the level of productivity, and policy problems at the level of production relations. Whether it is the "floor" of costs or the "yellow line" of subsidies, even if it cannot be solved at the same time, at least one of the dilemmas can be solved through policy adjustments. Policy ideas can include: 1. The decoupling of linked subsidies. Theoretically, a linked subsidy for the production of any one agricultural product would involve discrimination against the production of other agricultural products. There is nothing wrong with adopting linked subsidies under specific conditions to achieve specific policy objectives, but in the long run, there will be many specific problems: minor problems, such as linked subsidies for specific agricultural products, lead to the failure of normal crop rotation, farmers continue to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to obtain higher returns, making it difficult for agricultural ecology to recover naturally; Major problems such as the market distortion mentioned above. "Grain is basically self-sufficient, and rations are absolutely safe" in a sense emphasizes not the amount of output, but the strength of production capacity, maintaining a certain level of inventory, maintaining a strong production capacity, so that food production can be stable and sustainable. In this context, the "No. 1 Document" of the Central Committee in 2015 proposed to "continuously enhance food production capacity", which expresses this meaning. Therefore, linked subsidies will touch the "yellow line" of subsidies externally, while reducing the efficiency of resource allocation internally, and should gradually "decouple" linked subsidies ". Considering the weakness of agriculture and the differences in productivity between industries, the focus of subsidies can be shifted to income subsidies. There is a fear that after the decoupling of subsidies, agricultural production, especially food production, will fall sharply. Maybe in the short term, but not in the medium to long term. Due to the advancement of urbanization and industrialization, large-scale agricultural operations are an inevitable trend. From the perspective of agricultural production, farmers must still give priority to land-intensive food crops in field planting. This endogenous mechanism determines the withdrawal of linked subsidies. The decline in grain production is limited, and this limited decline is a necessary prerequisite for straightening out the current agricultural product price formation mechanism. 2. The construction of China's agricultural safety net. The "decoupling" of linked subsidies is not the government's evasion of responsibility, so that agricultural producers are exposed to complete market risk, but to build a new type of agricultural market risk sharing mechanism. The minimum purchase price and temporary purchasing and storage will eventually transfer the market risk to the government level, which has played a great role under certain conditions, but it is not a long-term mechanism. In the long run, it is necessary to build a systematic agricultural policy system such as China's agricultural safety net. From a strategic point of view, China's agricultural safety net should proceed from the needs of agricultural risk management, be market-oriented, and aim to ensure the income of agricultural producers, and build a clear, focused, and coordinated agricultural support policy system. From an operational point of view, we can learn from the experience of the American agricultural safety net, and fully consider the specific conditions of China's agriculture, comprehensively use the monitoring system, negotiation strategies, income subsidies, insurance and credit and other policy tools to actively and steadily promote the formulation and implementation of relevant policies to provide comprehensive and multi-level three-dimensional safety net protection for agriculture. In any case, the focus of all policies should be to ensure agricultural production capacity and improve agricultural production efficiency. It is meaningless to simply pursue the growth of output quantity. Through the construction of China's agricultural safety net, the prevention and control and compensation mechanism of agricultural natural risks and the sharing mechanism of market risks are established, and the final decision-making power of agricultural production is returned to farmers. China's agriculture has gone through thousands of years of development, and it is impossible to have collective irrationality brought about by individual rationality at the production level. However, the spider web operation of the agricultural product market is not a problem that can be solved through policies. The premise of "better play the role of the government" is to clarify where the policy will end. 6. epilogue on the whole, China's agricultural product market will remain weak for some time to come, which will expose current policy problems. To solve these problems, it is necessary to adjust and revise China's agricultural product market policy. From the perspective of system and operation, the idea of policy adjustment should be that the policy tends to be "green boxed" and simplified. From a practical point of view, in the face of the dilemma of the "floor" of increasing domestic agricultural production costs and the "yellow line" of subsidies, it is impossible to solve these two problems at the same time at this stage. Therefore, to solve one of the problems through policy adjustment is progress, which is also in line with China's consistent strategy of gradual reform. After the promulgation of the US "farm bill" in 2014, the "yellow box" subsidy in the United States has dropped to a very low level. The factors that promote this change may come from the pressure of WTO agricultural negotiations, but more from the pressure of domestic agriculture itself. For China, the "green box" of agricultural market policy is more from the pressure of domestic agriculture itself, which is consistent with the United States. From the operational level, the agricultural product price policy has a tendency to become increasingly complex. Whether in theory or in practice, complex policies will inevitably bring greater technical losses, and the bias in implementation is even more difficult to estimate. Therefore, China's agricultural product market policy must be extremely simple, similar to direct subsidies for grain production. It is believed that through the dynamic adjustment and revision of policies, China's agricultural production efficiency will make greater progress in the future. Source: China's Rural Economy, Issue 4, 2015 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
2014-12-28
Fight the battle of food security under the new situationDecember 25, 2014 09:57:46 source: Xinhua Daily Telegraph Author: Special Commentator the just-concluded Central Rural Work Conference emphasized that to promote agricultural modernization, we must insist on ensuring national food security as the primary task, ensuring basic self-sufficiency in grain and absolute safety of rations. At present, China's economic development has entered a new normal, and agricultural development has also entered a new historical stage in which it is urgent to change the mode of development. Although China's grain has achieved "11 consecutive increases", it must be noted that the foundation of food security is not stable: on the one hand, the cost of domestic agricultural production continues to rise, while the price of agricultural products is weak, resulting in the continuous decline of agricultural comparative efficiency, while the decline in the price of bulk agricultural products in the international market leads to the continuous increase of imports, and the cost "floor" and price "ceiling" seriously affect farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain. On the other hand, China's agricultural ecological environment is seriously damaged, the use of cultivated land and water resources is becoming increasingly tense, and grain production has encountered two "tightening curses" of ecological resources. The pressure of sustainable grain production is unprecedented, and it is becoming more and more difficult to ensure food security. The people take food as their heaven, and the country takes food as the first. Under the current situation that economic growth has slowed down and economic development has entered a new normal, food security is more related to the healthy development of the economy, the harmony and stability of the society, and the improvement of people's livelihood. We must always tighten food security. Strings, fight the battle of national food security. It is fundamental to fight the battle of food security and accelerate the transformation of agricultural development mode. We should take reform as the driving force to realize the fundamental transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. It is necessary to promote the transformation of grain production from focusing on quantity growth to total balance, structural optimization, and quality and safety; promote the transformation of agricultural development from mainly relying on resource consumption to resource-saving and environment-friendly; promote the transformation of agricultural production conditions from mainly "relying on the sky for food" To improve the level of material technology and equipment; promote the transformation of agricultural producers from traditional farmers to high-quality professional farmers, take the modern agricultural development road of high efficiency, product safety, resource conservation and environment-friendly. To fight the battle of food security, strategically, we must adhere to the national food security strategy of focusing on ourselves, based on the country, ensuring production capacity, moderate imports, and scientific and technological support, and focus on ensuring basic self-sufficiency in grains and absolute food rations. Grasp and do a good job, so that the Chinese people's rice bowls are firmly in their own hands at all times, and always grasp the initiative of food security in a complex and changeable situation. To do a good job in food security, we must strictly abide by the red line of cultivated land. Farmers can be "non-agriculturalized", and arable land must not be "non-agriculturalized"; the delineation of permanent basic farmland is the basic guarantee for ensuring production capacity. It must be in accordance with laws and regulations to enable farmers to "have land to grow" and promote "good grain"; The construction of high-standard farmland with drought and flood protection is the key way to ensure production capacity. Comprehensive agricultural development and land improvement must be strengthened to comprehensively improve the quality and land output. To do a good job in the battle of food security, we must adhere to the connotative development path of relying on scientific and technological progress and increasing yield per unit area, speed up the selection and application of a number of new varieties suitable for local characteristics, high yield, high quality and strong stress resistance, and give agriculture and grain the wings of science and technology. We will speed up the whole process of mechanization of grain production, vigorously promote the deep loosening and soil preparation of agricultural machinery, and further give full play to the carrier role of agricultural machinery in promoting grain through science and technology. To fight the battle of food security, we must do everything possible to increase the enthusiasm of farmers in growing grain. We should continue to adhere to the principle of market pricing and improve the grain price formation mechanism. On the premise of protecting the interests of farmers, we should promote the policy of minimum purchase price, temporary purchase and storage and agricultural subsidy to gradually change to the target price system of agricultural products. We will improve the way of subsidies, improve the accuracy and directivity of subsidies, and establish a mechanism linking agricultural subsidies with grain production of "who plants and who makes up for it" and "many kinds of subsidies. We will speed up the improvement of the interest compensation mechanism in the main producing areas, continue to increase incentives for major grain-producing counties, and mobilize the enthusiasm of production in the main producing areas. To do a good job in food security, we must also speed up the innovation of agricultural management system. Speeding up the cultivation of new agricultural management entities and innovating the agricultural management system are the countermeasures to solve the problem of "who will grow grain" and develop modern agriculture. It is necessary to develop moderate-scale operations, support the development of large grain growers, family farms, farmer cooperatives, leading agricultural industrialization enterprises and social service organizations, and actively cultivate new agricultural business entities. It is necessary to explore the establishment of a new agricultural management system based on household contracting, with farmers as the core subject, new agricultural management entities, land stock cooperatives, agricultural socialized service organizations and other diversified entities to jointly operate, and promote the specialization, scale and scale of agricultural management. Organization and enhance the sustainable development of food production. To do a good job in food security, we must also make overall use of both international and domestic markets and resources. Appropriately increasing imports and speeding up the going out of agriculture is an inevitable choice to ensure food security and ensure the effective supply of important food varieties. Through moderate imports, we should do a good job in adjusting the surplus and shortage of varieties, meet diversified consumer demand, and reduce the pressure on domestic resources and environment. We should explore the implementation of the global agricultural strategy and establish a safe, stable and sustainable global agricultural supply network. It is necessary to grasp the scale and rhythm of imports, and prevent a large number of imports of individual varieties from impacting domestic production and adversely affecting farmers' income. xinhua news agency, beijing, December 24th, by wire
2014-08-10
Du Zhixiong et al.: The actual state of family farm development and policy support: international experience (in Reform 2014, No. 6))Download
2014-08-07
Hu Glacier: Russian Agriculture from Putin's CountersystemRussian Agriculture and Related Effects from Putin's Counter-system hu Glacier (Institute of Rural Development, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) when I got up in the morning and heard the radio saying, "Putin ordered a counterattack: banning the import of agricultural products and raw materials from sanctioning countries", the first reaction at that time was very surprised. In the following news, it was mentioned that "Putin also ordered the government to prevent rapid increases in the prices of agricultural products and food, and instructed the government, together with product manufacturers and retailers, to take joint measures to increase the supply of domestic goods. Leaving aside emotional factors and other issues, we can objectively analyze the effects of this counter-policy. On the surface, this news is a countermeasure against Western sanctions against Russia, and it is a straightforward political statement; but, in essence, it also contains an idea that Russia hopes to improve domestic agricultural production capacity by trade protection. Further progress has exposed the profound problems in Russian agriculture, which is why there are such sayings as "the import of agricultural products, raw materials and food from countries that impose sanctions on Russia will be banned within a year" and "to prevent rapid price increases. Therefore, such a political statement itself lacks confidence. Looking at Russian agriculture from the perspective of a Chinese agricultural researcher, I always feel a little awkward. The specific differences are:(1) Russia's agricultural production has changed so much that it is emotionally unacceptable. For example, Russia's grain output in 2011 was 94 million tons, but plummeted to 71 million tons in 2012. This figure is just a microcosm of the sharp fluctuations in Russian agriculture. In addition, the same is true of animal husbandry, where there are not only natural and market risks in agriculture, but also profound organizational and institutional problems, which will not be discussed here;(2) the trend of agricultural imports in Russia is increasing, but the instability of output leads to the instability of trade. This is also in line with Russia's national personality. In the Soviet Union, there was a famous "harvest illusion" and the United States was not shallow. Specifically, from the perspective of the sanctions measures themselves, although Russia has a vast territory and abundant resources, due to a series of problems including historical reasons, in addition to the self-sufficiency of grains, many livestock products, sugar, vegetables and other just-needed foods are still imported from the international market. Judging from the distribution of import source countries, the source countries of sugar are relatively rich, but livestock products, the main reason is that the imports of chicken and pork come from "countries that impose sanctions on Russia". Specifically, they are mainly affected by Germany, France, the Netherlands, Spain, the United States, and Ukraine. Vegetable imports mainly come from Eastern Europe, and the most important is Ukraine. Table Some sources of agricultural imports in Russia Items (ton) Meat, chicken Meat, chicken, canned Meat, pig Meat, pork Sugar confectionery Sugar refined France 16602 6894 20959 14240 328 9609 Germany 23665 4976 18402 92761 3978 1670 Netherlands 1128 182 6183 6207 2486 7 Spain 12 10106 41821 782 0 Ukraine 5240 4 2568 9662 37514 1 United States 253319 0 14501 45179 1362 397 source: FAO further, the specific effects of sanctions must be compared in relation to imports and domestic production: chicken in 2011, Russia imported a total of about 400000 tons of chicken, about 300000 tons from "countries imposing sanctions on Russia", accounting for about 75%. In the same year, Russia's chicken production was about 3 million tons, and it showed an annual increase. At the same time, due to the loss of chicken raising in 2011, the industry's call for the government to protect the domestic industry is also very high. From this perspective, Russia's restrictions on chicken imports will objectively lead to an increase in domestic chicken prices. After all, the supply of potential import losses accounts for 10% of domestic production, but it will promote the development of the domestic chicken industry. In addition, due to the high feed economy of chicken itself, the short breeding cycle and the wide range of feed substitution, under the condition of sufficient food supply in Russia, this policy will promote the expansion of the scale of domestic chicken breeding and the increase of the proportion of chicken consumption. In addition, from the perspective of chicken exporters such as the United States, the annual output of chicken in the United States is about 17 million tons, of which 3 million tons are exported to Russia, accounting for 250000 tons, accounting for 8%. At the same time, the proportion of German and French chicken exports to Russia is not high. In addition, there is a large space for adjustment of chicken production, so the effect of sanctions on chicken exporting countries is actually very limited. Combined with the above, from the perspective of chicken trade, the essence of sanctions is not very significant, both sides have their own gains and losses, but through this measure to achieve Russia's inherent goal of promoting the development of the chicken industry. Pork in 2011, Russia imported about 500000 tons of pork, most of which were imported from the European Union. In the same year, domestic production was about 2.4 million tons, and imports accounted for more than 20% of domestic production. From the perspective of rival countries, Denmark and Germany's pork exports to Russia account for about 10% of their own exports. Due to the long production cycle of pork and the relatively large investment, it will have a greater impact on the exporting country, and it will also have a great impact on the price of pork in Russia. After all, the investment and production cycle of pig breeding are not the same as chicken production. This sanction will have a great impact on the major pork exporting countries of Russia and the European Union, but it will have no impact on the United States. Does China have enough pork to fill the gap in the Russian market? This is a thought-provoking question. From a political point of view, the export of 500000 tons of pork to Russia is a fraction of the domestic output of about 55 million tons. However, from the perspective of market practice, China's pork production accounts for half of the world, but it still needs to import pork products including pig water from overseas. The domestic pork market is actually relatively tight, and the consumption elasticity of pork is very small, little changes in the market balance will bring about large fluctuations in domestic market prices, so from the economic level, China has no chance of this. Sugar, vegetables and others in 2011, Russia imported a total of 2.33 million tons of sugar, and the sources of sugar are scattered, including Southeast Asia, South America and other parts of the world. Therefore, restricting EU sugar imports will not bring risks to Russia's sugar safety. At the same time, Russia's domestic sugar beet production is also showing a rising trend. On the other hand, the European Union and the United States are neither the main exporters of sugar, nor export a large amount of sugar to Russia. However, half of Ukraine's candy is exported to Russia. From this point of view, this sanctions measure is mainly aimed at Ukraine, and it is estimated that the effect will be very significant. Although the import volume of vegetables is large, the effect of sanctions is relatively small due to the low value of the goods, which will not be discussed here. As to whether China has the opportunity to increase sugar exports to Russia, the answer is still no! Because the current domestic and international market sugar prices are seriously upside down, domestic sugar prices are much higher than the international market prices, in addition to political exports, market spontaneous factors have no incentive to promote China's sugar and sugar exports to Russia. Brief Summary judging from Russia's countermeasures, political statements are actually greater than economic interests. Although it will boost the enthusiasm of the Russian planting and breeding industry in the short term, due to the lack of a long-term mechanism, this policy cannot form an effective incentive for the domestic industry, which makes Russian agriculture fall into the normal state of large fluctuations. The price of meat in Russia will show a more obvious rise in the short term, especially pork, which will affect the well-being of domestic residents. At the same time, this issue will not change because of the oath of political slogans. However, it will also have a greater impact on EU pork exports, which is bound to cause dissatisfaction among some EU agricultural producers. The United States is least affected by the sanctions. After all, the agricultural trade relationship between the United States and Russia is chicken, which is the least affected agricultural product; while Ukraine is the most affected, one is because Ukraine is a traditional agricultural product exporter, and it is also an effect. The room and depth of adjustment are relatively limited, so the main target of the sanctions policy is Ukraine. In this round of game, the potential profit of Chinese agriculture may be small, and the probability of direct trade profit is smaller. It can potentially directly participate in Russian agriculture through agricultural going out. However, in this process, we should consider a series of risks such as Russia's politics, law and policy. I advocate that we should be extra cautious in Russian agricultural investment.
2014-07-16
Weng Ming: Enlightenment of Rural Administration and System Construction in South KoreaIn November 2012, Weng Ming, a member of the Association and a researcher from the Institute of Rural Development of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, visited Qiming University in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. During the visit, he visited administrative agencies at all levels and wrote this article on the basis of the visit. This article was published in Contemporary Korea, No. 1, 2013.
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