Research
Society research, members' papers, annual reports, and proceedings
-
Jiang Changyun, so Zhang Li: the development of American corporate farms and enlightenment.Vice President Jiang Changyun and Dr. Zhang Lidong of Rural Development Institute of Jiangsu Academy of Social Sciences jointly wrote the paper "Development and Enlightenment of American Corporate Farms", which was published in World Agriculture, No. 4, 2014. The original text is attached.DOC
-
Jiang Changyun, Li Xiange, Dong Huan: Changes in grain self-sufficiency rates in Japan and Korea and their implicationsVice President Jiang Changyun, together with Li Xiange and Dong Huan, published a paper entitled "Changes and Implications of Grain Self-sufficiency in Japan and Korea. Due to the long length of the original text, the relevant content is published in two parts in the first issue of "Agricultural Economic Issues" in 2014 and the third issue of "Macroeconomic Research" in 2014. The appendix is the original text.DOC
-
Li Guoxiang: How to Reform and Innovate the Rural Land SystemChina is actively and steadily promoting a new type of urbanization, which inevitably requires the expropriation of farmers' land. How to reasonably determine the compensation standard for land expropriation? Do peasant households entering cities and towns need to give up the right to contract rural land and the right to use homesteads when migrant workers become citizens? Land urbanization and population urbanization will inevitably bring about changes in rural land and the redistribution of rights and interests, and continue to trigger contradictions and conflicts among various rural interest groups. Therefore, it is urgent to innovate the rural land system. The author believes that the bottom line should be drawn through the top-level design to ensure that the land rights and interests of special groups in rural areas are not infringed. Encourage rural grassroots to innovate land systems that are compatible with the local area, allow multiple forms of collective ownership of rural land, solve the problem of value-added income distribution of rural land expropriation, and promote the effective circulation of agricultural land to realize the optimal allocation of rural land. The existing rural land system is generally designed in accordance with the road of urbanization with Chinese characteristics and the protection of farmers' rights and interests in rural land. Years of practice have shown that my country's rural land system and policies have played an important role in promoting the rapid advancement of my country's urbanization and rural social stability. However, in real life, more and more contradictions and conflicts in the existing rural land system and policies cannot be avoided. Therefore, on the basis of basically stabilizing the rural land system and policies, continuous reform and innovation can better provide institutional guarantee and motivation for the coordinated advancement of my country's new urbanization and agricultural modernization. With the continuous advancement of urbanization in my country, if the rural land system is not adjusted accordingly, contradictions and conflicts in reality will continue to accumulate, hindering the advancement of new urbanization. However, the reform and innovation of the rural land system involves a wide range of interests and has a very obvious impact on the economy and society. it is directly related to the stability of rural society, the allocation of rural land resources, the cost and risk of agricultural production, the price level of agricultural products (000061, shares) and the burden of food consumption of residents. Objectively speaking, in reality, there is no perfect rural land system reform and innovation plan to protect the interests of micro-subjects and the overall economic and social interests at the same time. How to reform and innovate the rural land system? In order to avoid confusion and negative effects, an overall design is needed. Who will design it? Should there be a top-level design first, or should we let the grass-roots level explore first? According to the author's many years of investigation in rural areas, we know that China's rural areas are very different, farmers defined by agricultural hukou as a symbol are rapidly dividing, and there are differences in the specific arrangements of rural land systems chosen and the implementation of rural land policies. If the top-level design of the rural land system is too detailed, it may seriously restrict the enthusiasm of the grassroots to explore and innovate the specific arrangements of the rural land system. In reality, farmers will not implement the relevant regulations on rural land in place, but damage the authority of the top-level design. If there are no principles and certain constraints, the reform and innovation of the rural land system at the grassroots level is very likely to infringe on the rights and interests of rural vulnerable groups and affect rural social stability. If the top-level design and villager autonomy are organically combined, better results may be achieved. The key to the top-level design of the rural land system arrangement is to draw a bottom line to ensure that rural women and children and low-income groups or rural land rights and interests of groups that use land as the main source of livelihood are not infringed. On the basis of this bottom line, we can let go to innovate through villager autonomy. The specific arrangements of the rural land system in China stimulate rural vitality, and use market mechanisms as much as possible to promote the optimal allocation of rural land. When the rural land is legally requisitioned by urbanization, who should make the decision in rural areas? How to determine the compensation standard for land requisition? How to distribute the compensation income of rural land? These issues must be defined in land urbanization. In order to prevent a small number of village cadres from sacrificing the interests of landless farmers and rural collective interests in order to obtain private interests, the protection of farmers' rights and interests in land urbanization can consider the hierarchical decision-making mechanism. High-level decision-making power is given to land-lost farmers to safeguard the rights and interests of land-lost farmers as the bottom line; intermediate decision-making power can be given to villagers' congresses or all villagers to balance the interests of land-lost farmers and village collectives in accordance with the democratic principle that the minority is subordinate to the majority; low-level decision-making power is given to a small number of village cadres to review and supervise the legality of land urbanization. For the illegal expropriation of farmers' land or the expropriation of farmers' land by rent, we should strengthen the punishment of rural management cadres to ensure that the red line of cultivated land is not broken. In order to promote the new urbanization and solve the problem of population urbanization, the corresponding overall idea of rural land system innovation should follow the strategy of easy first and difficult step by step. The first step is to keep the contracted management rights of rural land unchanged for a certain period of time, build a rural land transfer market, and encourage land transfer; the second step is to introduce a market mechanism when the time is right to contract rural land through one-time compensation. But farmers who have not cultivated land for a long time give up the right to contract management and implement land ownership for the tillers. In the construction of the rural land transfer market, institutional arrangements should allow those farmers who are less dependent on contracted land to transfer out of contracted land more actively. In particular, most middle-and high-income families in rural areas mainly rely on non-agricultural industries or migrant workers for income, the opportunity cost of operating small-scale contracted land is high, unable to concentrate on agricultural production, and the output of contracted land is inefficient. If the middle-and high-income families with little dependence on the contracted land are allowed to transfer the contracted land out, it will not affect the family income, but also benefit the agricultural scale operation. With the continuous maturity of conditions such as a sound social security system, through market mechanisms and policy adjustments, urban families who no longer rely on rural land will completely give up their land contract management rights and homestead use rights in rural areas. Vulnerable groups in rural areas are restricted by family labor resource endowments, non-agricultural employment opportunities are few, wage income is often difficult to guarantee basic survival needs, and their dependence on rural land is relatively large. In any case, it is necessary to ensure that the land of these rural households Contractual management rights are not infringed. 2013-08-07 16:15 Daily Economic News
-
Jiang Changyun on Shandong's Service Industry: There are Mountains, Water and Sageswww.sdchina.com source: Volkswagen Daily 2013-07-26 during the expert seminar on the scientific leapfrog development of the service industry in Shandong Province, Jiang Changyun, a researcher and director of the Research Office of the Institute of Industrial Economics and Technical Economics of the National Development and Reform Commission, accepted an exclusive interview with our reporter. The development of Shandong's service industry should focus on industrial development. Shandong's agriculture and manufacturing industry are relatively developed, and agricultural industrialization is in the forefront of the country. It can vigorously develop technology and art design industry, leisure agriculture, tourism industry, experience leisure and other industries. During the expert seminar on the scientific leapfrog development of the service industry in Shandong Province, Jiang Changyun, a researcher and director of the Research Office of the Institute of Industrial Economics and Technical Economics of the National Development and Reform Commission, accepted an exclusive interview with our reporter. Jiang Changyun mentioned that China's economic situation in the first half of 2013 is not optimistic, especially in 1., the growth rate of the secondary industry has declined significantly. On the contrary, in the first quarter of 2013, the scale of the added value of the service industry exceeded that of the secondary industry for the first time, and its proportion in GDP exceeded that of the secondary industry for the first time (45.9). For the first time, the service industry became the industry with the largest added value and the highest proportion of GDP among the three industries in China. Taking this as an opportunity, the service industry in turn enhances economic confidence and drives the development of primary and secondary industries. In view of the unfavorable situation of the primary and secondary industries, efforts must be made to make a fuss about the tertiary industry and innovate the service industry. Jiang Changyun revealed that the state will issue relevant policies and guidance to encourage the development of pension services and emerging service industries. Jiang Changyun believes that Shandong has many advantages in developing the service industry: "there are mountains, waters and saints", which is not only a resource advantage, but also an interesting advantage. Shandong has obvious geographical advantages. It is close to the high-end markets of Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. It is only an hour's drive from Beijing to Jinan by high-speed rail. "It is very convenient for Shandong to have a special dinner and go back to Beijing to sleep." Jiang Changyun said that Shandong's service industry can be extended to Beijing, and taking the initiative to connect with the high-end market can bring huge benefits. In view of the current situation of Shandong's service industry, researcher Jiang Changyun put forward many constructive suggestions. He said that the development of Shandong's service industry should focus on industrial development. Shandong's agriculture and manufacturing industries are relatively developed, and agricultural industrialization is in the forefront of the country. It can vigorously develop technology and art design, leisure agriculture, tourism industry, experience leisure and other industries. Shandong has a high level of agricultural modernization, and agricultural modernization is actually the modernization of the agricultural service industry. Without the injection of services, agriculture is still the original ecological agriculture. If farmland production is combined with agricultural materials services, agronomy, seed industry research and development, and agricultural machinery services, many industries will be derived. Another example is food production. With the improvement of living standards, food is developing towards gourmet, nutritious, personalized, convenient, and functional development, which will bring about a series of industrial changes and the industrial chain will extend indefinitely. Jiang Changyun also suggested that Shandong's service industry should not only take advantage of the momentum to develop, but also create momentum to improve. We should not only be indomitable large enterprises, overwhelming small and medium-sized enterprises, but also innovative enterprises. Through the introduction of large enterprises and large projects, we can take advantage of the development and enhance the local rooting of the industrial chain. Original title [NDRC researcher talks about Shandong service industry: there are mountains, water and saints]]
-
New book published by Vice President Cheng GuoqiangThe new book "Global Agricultural Strategy: China's Food Security Framework Based on Global Vision" by Cheng Guoqiang, Vice President of the Association, was published by China Development Press in June 2013. (Responsible editor: Shixin)
-
Zhu Lizhi: Creating a Good Soft Environment for the Moderate Scale Development of Family FarmsModerate scale development for family farms create a good soft environment -- Based on the 12-year exploration of family farms in Langxi County zhu Lizhi recently, with the interest and confusion of family farms, the author investigated Langxi County, Anhui Province, which took the lead in exploring the series of family farms in the country. Langxi County is located in Nanjing, Wuhu, Ma'anshan and other cities cross radiation, with a large number of farmers into the city, the field idle phenomenon is serious. Therefore, for a long time, the local government has attached great importance to the development of family farms and rich farmers with "farmers" to solve the big problem of who will farm and how to plant good land. 1. How to correctly understand the "moderate scale operation" of agriculture" in the investigation of family farms in Langxi County, the author found that "moderate scale operation" is not only an economic category, but also a sociological category, involving the comparison of urban and rural development and population transfer. The author believes that if the scale of a farmer's operation reaches a certain level, so that its per capita net income is equal to the per capita disposable income of nearby urban residents, such scale operation is "moderate scale operation". Because only in this way, the opportunity cost of rural labor transfer is large enough to offset the return of its employment in cities and towns, so that agricultural operators can stay in the countryside with peace of mind. In fact, there is no contradiction between letting agricultural operators stay in the countryside and the transfer of rural labor. Moreover, if agricultural operators want to obtain a moderate scale of land, an important prerequisite is the transfer of rural labor. Only a certain number of rural labor force transferred to cities and towns, in order to ensure that the land to agricultural management experts concentrated. On the other hand, only agricultural operators can first make their per capita net income equal to the per capita disposable income of nearby urban residents, and reach the level of moderate scale operation. "Who will plant the land? How to plant the land?" is the key issue facing China's agricultural development in the new era, and it is also the issue that the government is most concerned about, and the appropriate scale of agricultural management is the key to solve this problem. Letting agricultural business experts stay in the countryside not only solves the problem of "who will plant the land", but also solves the problem of "how to plant good land. It should be noted that "moderate scale" here does not mean "large scale". Due to the large number of agricultural labor force in China, a considerable number of agricultural labor force should stay in rural areas to engage in agriculture at this stage, and the "large-scale" operation of agriculture is not in line with China's national conditions. Therefore, simply from the perspective of cost-benefit analysis to pursue the "best scale", will eventually come to the agricultural management model should be developed in the direction of "large-scale", which is not feasible in China. Scholars generally believe that the so-called "moderate scale" is "moderate" relative to different places ". This sounds reasonable, but it doesn't give an answer. It's like saying "this thing should be done well", but how to do it well only gives some principled requirements, but does not give the criteria for judging. It is true that the "moderate scale" in the plains must be large, but we cannot conclude that the plains must engage in "large-scale" agriculture. Since the disadvantages of large-scale agriculture in developed countries are becoming more and more obvious, and China has a large agricultural labor force, the government should not blindly encourage "large-scale" agriculture even in plain areas. Correspondingly, it is difficult to "moderate scale" in mountainous areas, but we have to engage in "moderate scale". On the contrary, we must vigorously promote the characteristic "moderate scale" operation in mountainous areas, so that the agricultural industry in mountainous areas can also retain capable people, and there is hope for agriculture in mountainous areas. Successful practices and problems of moderate scale family farms in Langxi County, 2. The family farm in Langxi County has made a long-term exploration in the direction of moderate scale operation, and has carried out all-round practice in land circulation, registration, financing mechanism, industrial management, farm associations and farm cooperatives and other measures to promote moderate scale operation. Their successful exploration tells us that family farms operated on a moderate scale can effectively solve the problem of who farms and how to plant well, ensure that land operators get the same income as urban residents, and more actively use new varieties and new technologies. It can better carry out diversified agricultural production suitable for itself according to market demand, and play a greater role in demonstrating and guiding the production of scattered small-scale farmers. Counting from the first family farm "Lvfeng Family Farm" in June 2001, the family farm in Langxi County has developed for nearly twelve years, showing a scene of prosperity. According to the survey in March this year, 554 family farms in the county operate 129196 mu of land, with an average of 223 mu/household, of which 3% are owned land and 97% are leased and transferred land. In terms of operating income, according to a survey of 216 family farms in 2012, the per capita net income was 28910 yuan, which was four times the per capita net income of farmers in the county that year, and was basically equal to the per capita disposable income of nearby urban residents. In the investigation of family farms in Langxi County, the author found that there are many problems faced by family farms at present, which are mainly manifested in the fact that the status and rights of management subjects can not be generally recognized, the agricultural infrastructure is poor, the land circulation is not standardized, the benefit distribution mechanism related to cultivated land is unreasonable, the financing channels are not smooth, the production and operation management is extensive, and the scope of agricultural insurance is too small. 3. Suggestions on Optimizing Soft Environment for Moderate Scale Development of Family Farms summarizing the main successful experiences and existing problems, the author puts forward the following policy measures: (I) standardize the land transfer rules. It is necessary to strengthen the formulation and management of land transfer policies, guide farmers to sign transfer contracts in accordance with unified standard texts, and eliminate the unstable phenomenon caused by farmers transferring land at will. (II) implementation of the access system. Establish a registration system to make family farms a market entity with legal personality. The family farm operator must operate the transferred land on his own, and shall not subcontract the land to others for operation and become the operator of the land. (III) let the policy of benefiting farmers really benefit farmers. It is necessary to allow various agricultural subsidies to directly supply the actual operators without being intercepted by the original contractors, so as to speed up the original accumulation and infrastructure construction of family farms. (IV) innovative financial service mechanism. Village banks with better conditions should be incorporated into the professional financial system and preferential policies should be formulated. In addition, we should actively explore mutual aid models for family farms, such as mutual aid for funds and mutual aid for loan guarantees. (V) strengthen the cultivation of modern farmers. It is necessary to strengthen management training so that they can understand both production and management, achieve standardized production and standardized management, and focus on cost accounting and production records. (VI) improve the agricultural insurance system. It is mainly aimed at the existing agricultural insurance problems, the insurance coverage can not cover the main areas of agricultural production, and there is discrimination against farmers in post-disaster compliance. (VII) strengthen brand creation. Brand creation and "three products and one standard" certification are carried out in the form of family farm associations. Under the condition of abiding by the rules, family farms are allowed to be used free of charge, so as to achieve a unified brand, unified certification, unified management and joint efforts throughout the county.
-
Zhu Lizhi: Cold Thinking Behind the "Continuous Increase in Grain"Cold thinking behind the "continuous increase in grain" zhu Lizhi the Cost of Resources and Environment in the 1. of "Continuous Grain Increase" the continuous growth of food for many years should indeed be a joy for a country with a large population like ours. However, we must also see how much resource and environmental costs we have paid behind the "continuous increase in grain. In order to make every effort to increase grain production, China applies a large number of chemical fertilizers and pesticides every year, which leads to the aggravation of agricultural non-point source pollution year by year. What is even more frightening is that the grain production promoted by chemical fertilizers has drained the organic matter of the land; the grain production guaranteed by pesticides has injected more and more toxins into the land. As early as more than three centuries ago, the British economist Pi said: "Land is the mother of wealth, and labor is the father of wealth." This sentence, especially for Chinese people who have a small per capita land area, should always be kept in mind. It is hard to imagine how far our "continuous increase in grain" can go on the road of predatory land management. Now is the time for us to come up with a great wisdom of food development strategy. 2. "storing grain in the ground" and changing the way of increasing grain to solve the problem of long-term sustainable development of food, although it involves many aspects, the author believes that the focus should be on the land: the problem of low soil organic matter must be solved, the soil aggregate structure must be restored, and toxic components in the soil must be reduced...... Once the soil problem is solved, even if the growth rate of grain is small, it is not terrible at all, because "the grain is hidden in the ground, and the heart is not panic." to solve the problem of soil, the author thinks that the best way is to vigorously develop circular agriculture. The material circulation system in agriculture is like the human blood circulation system. If this system is blocked, people will not be healthy. Similarly, if circular agriculture is not done well, it is impossible for agriculture to develop healthily and sustainably. All places are doing agriculture with noses and eyes, but whether this noses and eyes agriculture is healthy or not depends on its appearance. It depends on its "blood circulation system", that is, whether there is a problem with its material circulation system, for example, Whether the straw is recycled, whether the livestock and poultry manure is recycled. If we do a good job in the article of circular agriculture, the "blood circulation system" of agriculture will be sound, the organic matter content of the soil will continue to increase, the physical and chemical properties of the soil will become better and better, and the quality of cultivated land will be solved. In such good land, food is bound to grow sustainably. In other words, if we do a good job in the article of "storing grain in the land", we can constantly take grain from the land. 3. division "relative fallow", take the road of macro-grain increase. The emphasis on steady food growth cannot be interpreted as an annual increase in food production in all regions. There is a difference between growth and development, argues Mattia Sen, a Nobel laureate in economics. Growth in the wrong place and at the wrong time can undermine sustainable development. The author believes that although we cannot implement the cultivated land fallow system like western countries, we can implement "relative fallow" on some cultivated land, that is, we can allow no increase in grain production or even a certain amount of reduction in grain production on these cultivated land, as long as it does not endanger the overall macro grain increase plan of the country (in fact, this grain increase plan can also be discounted, at least it can be adjusted between years). For example, "relative fallow" was implemented in areas outside the 13 major food-producing provinces and in non-major food-producing counties within the major food-producing provinces ". "Relative fallow" is not permanent. When the production capacity of cultivated land in these areas is restored to a certain extent, it will inevitably make a great contribution to the growth of grain, and even partially replace the main grain producing areas, so that the main grain producing areas can make time to carry out local rotation of "relative fallow". We advocate rotational grazing on the grassland, which accounts for more than 40% of the land area, so that the grassland can be cultivated and nourishing. Can't we let the scarce and precious cultivated land, which accounts for about 10% of the land area, "take a breath? Make 4. use of international resources to ease domestic pressure it should be said that there is potential for China to import grain through international trade. As for how big it is, everyone has different views. I personally believe that we cannot always regard "responsible powers" as "responsible powers" and should play a positive role in "the stability of the international food market. Imagine that if my country's food cannot grow sustainably for a long time, it cannot be said to be a "big country in charge". After all, our population and area account for a large proportion of the world, and we are responsible for China and are the first to be a "responsible big country". Should be considered. Look at other countries. Japan, for example, is desperately importing all resources. Coal and some important minerals are buried in the ground after being imported, and even timber is imported to accumulate stocks. Looking at how the United States and Europe treat food, according to statistics from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. consumed more than 90 million tons of corn to produce ethanol fuel in 2008, accounting for 30% of its corn production that year, which can be eaten by 0.5 billion people for one year. According to the plan, by 2030, the United States will produce 0.127 billion tons of corn for ethanol fuel. In order to achieve sustainable development, Europe has made great efforts to develop biodiesel by using rapeseed, soybean and other raw materials. In 2007, the EU produced about 8 million tons of biodiesel. In 2010, the production capacity of biodiesel reached 13.5 million tons, equivalent to consuming 15 million tons of vegetable oil, which can be consumed by 0.8 billion people for one year. The result of the development and utilization of grain and oil-based biomass energy is that "the cars of the rich eat the bread of the poor", but Europe and the United States promote local sustainable development in this way. But at the same time, our country is spending a lot of treasury to buy European and American government bonds. Another aspect of making good use of international resources is to carry out agricultural development on other people's land. From the current point of view, our process in Africa is not ideal. We think that "I have the technology and you have the resources". However, in Africa, people are the biggest constraint. How to solve it requires a higher level. Top-level design. In addition, in South America, Russia and other countries, our cooperation mechanism must be innovated, and scientific strategic thinking is urgently needed. 5. the development of "three-dimensional grain" strategy to supplement the shortage of "cultivated land grain" in the future, China's grain development should take the "three-dimensional grain" strategy of "cultivated land grain" as the main and "mountain and water grain" as the supplement, and change the single "cultivated land grain" pattern, which can not only improve China's food security, but also reduce the pressure on valuable cultivated land resources. China has vast waters and vast mountains, but in the food category, aquatic plant starch has been ignored, and the production potential of mountain forest plant starch has not been fully utilized. During the three years of natural disasters, farmers at the water's edge and in the mountains basically relied on these non-arable grain to survive. In normal years, we immediately forgot these precious grain resources. Aquatic plant starch and mountain forest plant starch in China not only has great potential, but also has many health functions, which is a kind of healthy food starch. For example, pueraria starch is not only rich in carbohydrates and crude protein, but also contains isoflavone pentapuerarin, puerarin xycoside, daidzein, arachidic acid and other ingredients. Banana taro, also known as banana lotus root, ginger taro and konjac, has very strong vitality. The roots and tubers remaining in the soil after being harvested in winter can sprout and multiply in the following year. Its starch is rich in nutrition and does not contain fat. It is a suitable food for all ages. Fern root, also known as bracken and Wuluo, is widely distributed in the world. Barren hills all over our country grow. Its rootlike stems and vines grow in the soil and contain 30%-35% starch. It has the effects of strengthening body, health and cancer prevention. Acorn is the fruit of the oak tree in the mountains, also known as oak and millet, and its starch flavor is unique. The cakes and snacks made with it are very popular with consumers. Every 100 grams of wild lily contains 28.7 grams of carbohydrates, 4 grams of crude protein, 1 gram of crude fat, vitamins, carotene, pantothenic acid, colchicine, etc. Its starch is a food with high economic value. Mountains, waters, fields, and forests are the source of food everywhere, and the development of a "three-dimensional food" strategy will be promising.
-
Zhu Lizhi: Inclusive Development Should Take the Road of "Ecological Poverty Reduction"Inclusive Development Should Take the Road of Ecological Poverty Reduction zhu Lizhi "Inclusive Development and Poverty Reduction" is the theme of the 2012 10.17 High-level Forum on Poverty Reduction and Development. The forum was hosted by the Poverty Alleviation Office of the State Council and the United Nations system in China, and Vice Premier Hui Liangyu attended the forum and delivered an opening speech, fan Xiaojian, Director of the Poverty Alleviation Office of the State Council of China, Professor of Harvard University (Thomas W. Lamont University) (1998 Nobel Prize winner in Economics) Amartya Sen (Amartya Sen), Assistant Director-General of FAO's Social and Economic Development Department Jomo Sundaram (Jomo) and Sir Richard Jerry (Richard Jolly), Emeritus Professor of the University of Sussex's Institute of Development, delivered keynote speeches. The following is an article sorted out according to the author's comments. 1. a comprehensive understanding of inclusive development according to Professor Amartya Sen, inclusive development is about dealing with the difference between growth and development. In order to better understand Amartya Sen's point of view, the author changed the perspective of the analysis. The author believes that according to the theory of externality, the growth of industry, cities and some developed regions has produced many negative externalities, which have a great adverse impact on poor areas. It can be said that inclusive development is to internalize the mutual externalities between different industries, different regions and different levels of people caused by simple growth, so as to achieve common development. We all know that a person grows fast, but he can't do it if he is not healthy. In addition, all parts of a person's body should be symmetrical, and the legs should not be very developed, but the arms are very thin. Inclusive development should not only pay attention to growth, let alone local growth, but also pay attention to internal health and coordination. Take the agricultural product industry chain as an example. It cannot be very detailed in the production of agricultural products, but other links are very thick. Such an industrial chain not only cannot stimulate the common development of rural areas, but the entire industrial chain will be broken after a long time. This crisis is already on display in some places. Therefore, even if it is an industrial chain, we should not only focus on growth, but also pay attention to the coordination and symmetry of all links in the chain, that is to say, we should pay attention to inclusive development. On the one hand, through poverty alleviation and development, China can reduce the poverty problem caused by the non inclusive system in the past, and strive to pay off the old debts as soon as possible; on the other hand, it strives to innovate and improve the system and mechanism to reduce the possibility of poor people in the future. This shows that the Chinese government has recognized that the non-inclusive system is the main reason for the emergence of poor people. In economics, there is also a Kaldor-Hicks improvement to the theory of regressive optimality, that is, in the process of social resource allocation, if those who benefit from the process of resource reallocation, as long as their increased benefits compensate for the benefits of those who suffer losses in the process of resource reallocation, this kind of resource allocation is efficient. In addition, from the theory of diminishing marginal benefits, the social benefit rate of funds in poor areas will be higher than in other areas. For example, a road, a library ......, placed in poor areas than in non-poor areas will produce better results. Based on theoretical analysis and practical exploration, the Chinese government has noticed that social resources should be tilted to poor areas, and a large amount of funds should be spread in poor areas through specific projects. It is the same between countries. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the world economy has achieved considerable growth, but the inequality of income and development opportunities in many countries and regions has continued to deepen. With the in-depth development of globalization and urbanization, especially after the outbreak of the international financial crisis and the European debt crisis, the widening gap between the rich and the poor and the uneven development have gradually evolved into a common phenomenon in the world, leading to a series of conflicts around the world. Some scholars see growing inequality as the greatest challenge for the future of human society. More and more people are calling for expanding social inclusion and promoting inclusive development as the basic strategy to deal with this serious challenge. Inclusive development is put forward as a countermeasure, emphasizing the establishment of an inclusive system, providing a wide range of opportunities, eliminating the rights, poverty and social exclusion faced by the poor, achieving equal opportunities and fair participation, so that all groups, including the poor, can participate in economic growth, contribute to it, and can reasonably share the results, so as to achieve everyone's own all-round development (Long Chaoyang, 2012). It can be seen that equality of opportunity and sharing of results are the core connotation of inclusive development. "Inclusion" is the basic requirement for the process and results of economic growth. Specifically, it has three meanings: First, economic growth should benefit all people, especially the poor. This is an important goal of inclusive development and a necessary condition for achieving sustained poverty reduction. The second is to let everyone face the development opportunity equally. This is the institutional guarantee for inclusive development, and it can also fully stimulate the enthusiasm of all social strata and improve the efficiency of economic growth. The third is to improve individual development capabilities in the process of participating in economic growth to ensure the sustainability of poverty reduction. 2. Ecologically Fragile Areas-The Core Fortress of China's Poverty Alleviation ecologically, the ecologically fragile zone refers to the transitional area at the junction of two different types of ecosystems. The ecological fragile area has poor ecosystem structure stability, weak anti-interference ability, low ecological carrying capacity and easy to be destroyed, which is the key area of ecological protection. In this paper, it refers to the area where the change of ecological environment or human production and life will cause the obvious decline or even disappearance of land productivity, which will lead to serious economic recession (Chen Jiansheng, 2008). China's ecologically fragile areas are mainly distributed in the northern arid and semi-arid areas, the southern hilly areas, the southwestern mountains, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the eastern coastal water-land junction areas (Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2008). The ecologically fragile area is highly overlapped with the concentrated contiguous areas with special difficulties. It is the most concentrated area of poverty and the main target area of poverty alleviation work. Natural disasters occur frequently in ecologically fragile areas, the ability to prevent and resist disasters is insufficient, and the carrying capacity for economic growth and social development is low. It is very difficult to reduce poverty and stabilize poverty. From the founding of New China to the early stage of reform and opening up, poverty was a common phenomenon in China. Driven by a series of reform measures such as household contract with output, China's rural economy has developed rapidly and poverty has been greatly alleviated. However, there are still some areas that have not been able to get rid of poverty, and it is difficult to maintain even the most basic survival needs. With the gradual reduction of the poor population, the regional characteristics of poverty are becoming more and more obvious, and the problem of poverty in ecologically fragile areas has attracted widespread attention. A study at the end of the last century showed that about 75.92 per cent of the counties classified as ecologically fragile areas were classified as poor; about 43.33 per cent of the land area classified as ecologically fragile areas was within the scope of poor counties; about 67.96 per cent of the cultivated land classified as ecologically fragile areas was within the scope of poor counties; and about 75.86 per cent of the population classified as ecologically fragile areas lived in poor counties (Li Zhou, 1994). It can be seen that the correlation between poverty and ecological fragility in China is high, and the poor population in ecologically fragile areas is relatively concentrated. In recent years, with the deepening of rural reforms and the continuous increase in poverty alleviation and development, the geographical characteristics of the distribution of the poor population have become increasingly obvious, concentrated in the deep mountainous areas, stone mountainous areas, desert areas, alpine mountainous areas, and Loess Plateau areas in the central and western regions., High-incidence areas of endemic diseases and reservoir areas, and most of them are old revolutionary areas, minority areas and border areas. According to the monitoring of the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2009, 65.9 per cent of the country's poor were distributed in the western region; the incidence of poverty in the eastern, central and western regions was 0.5 per cent, 3.3 per cent and 8.3 per cent, respectively. Seven western provinces (regions), including Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang, had a relatively high incidence of poverty (all exceeding 5 per cent). Obviously, these are the so-called ecologically fragile areas. Their common characteristics are: remote location, inconvenient infrastructure, ecological imbalance, slow economic development, backward culture and education, difficult drinking water for humans and animals, and extremely poor production and living conditions. 3. Ecological Poverty Reduction -- The Inevitable Choice of Inclusive Poverty Reduction at present, China is implementing a new round of poverty alleviation and development plans. The targets of poverty alleviation are mainly ecological poor people. Poverty alleviation and development have shifted from the stage of solving food and clothing as the main task to consolidating the results of food and clothing, accelerating poverty alleviation and prosperity, improving the ecological environment, and improving development. Ability to narrow the development gap. In a sense, the problem of poverty in ecologically fragile areas is an ecological problem, and the occurrence and degree of poverty are closely related to the ecological environment (Liu Yanmei, 2005). Therefore, the inclusive poverty reduction strategy in ecologically fragile areas must start with improving the ecological environment, increasing the carrying capacity of regional resources and environment, coordinating ecological improvement and poverty reduction goals, and implementing ecological poverty reduction strategies. The so-called ecological poverty reduction is aimed at the predatory poverty reduction and development of resources and environment, that is, by protecting and restoring the ecological environment of poor areas, changing the mode of economic development in poor areas, and ending the vicious circle of poverty and ecological destruction. taking into account the strategic goal of ecological improvement and poverty reduction, it is a poverty alleviation and development model aimed at ecologically poor areas and drawing lessons from the concept of inclusive development. Considering the problems existing in the past ecological projects, such as the low participation of residents in the project area, the restriction of economic development by ecological protection policies, and the difficulty of benefiting the poor population from the results of ecological improvement, and taking into account the characteristics of China's current poverty alleviation work, we believe that the ecological poverty reduction strategy should include the following points: improvement of (I) ecology is the foundation of poverty control and development the bottleneck of economic and social development in ecologically fragile areas lies in the low carrying capacity of resources and environment. Rational use of resources and improvement of ecological environment are the only way to achieve regional sustainable development. There are many causes of poverty in ecologically fragile areas, including income poverty with insufficient access to resources, capacity poverty with low development capacity, and rights poverty caused by long-term inequality of opportunities. In the process of ecological deterioration, the poor suffer more losses and suffer more directly than the rich, because ecological deterioration will further compress the living space of the poor, make them have less access to resources and development opportunities, and deepen the degree of poverty. In other words, ecological improvement is the fundamental measure to alleviate poverty. In the absence of continuous ecological improvement, "blood transfusion" poverty alleviation can only maintain the survival of the poor at a lower level, but the government will carry a heavy burden for a long time, which is inefficient and unsustainable. The way of poverty alleviation; "development-oriented" poverty alleviation may continue to destroy the ecological environment and fall into a vicious circle of poverty and ecological destruction. Before the carrying capacity of resources and environment in ecologically fragile areas is not significantly improved, the means to reduce poverty and promote economic growth and regional development will be water without a source and without a stable foundation. Equal participation of the (II) poor is a prerequisite for sustainable ecological improvement. Intuitively, the reason for the occurrence of ecological poverty is that the population pressure is too large, which leads to the continuous destruction of the ecological environment and the deterioration of the ecological environment, but the deeper reason is the existence of "policy defects". It is an unfair policy that excludes part of the population with poor development capacity from the development process, resulting in the aggravation of regional development imbalance. It is precisely because of the fear that the participation of the poor will affect the effect of ecological improvement. In large-scale ecological construction projects such as natural protection projects, wildlife protection and nature reserve construction projects, local residents are often regarded as the burden of project construction. Arrange subsidy funds to solve their livelihood problems; residents also naturally regard ecological projects as poverty alleviation projects and demand compensation for the losses caused by the interference of project construction on their economic activities. Obviously, the exclusion of residents from ecological construction projects will increase the cost of project construction, but it can not fundamentally reduce the pressure of local population survival and development on resources and environment, which is caused by the lack of inclusiveness of engineering policies. To implement the ecological poverty reduction strategy, the most important thing is to base on regional resources, including natural and human resources, fully mobilize all positive factors, strive to improve the ecological environment, and build a solid foundation for poverty reduction and development in ecologically fragile areas. In fact, the poor are more active in improving the ecological environment, because they are the direct victims of ecological deterioration, and they hope to expand their own development space and enhance their development ability from the continuous improvement of ecology, so they are the lasting driving force of regional ecological improvement. (III) Eco-economy as a Driving Force for Ecological Improvement and Poverty Reduction rapid economic growth is a necessary condition for poverty reduction and a central driver for ecological improvement. The economic development of ecologically fragile areas must first start with improving the ecological environment, giving priority to the development of ecological industries and making them the pillar industries of ecologically fragile areas. The construction process of ecological economy is the process of economic structure transformation and production and life style transformation in ecological poverty-stricken areas to protect and build the ecological environment in poverty-stricken areas (Huang Songwen, 2004). The development of ecological economy will not directly damage the regional ecological environment, and the dependence on the direct consumption of natural resources is low. It is a sunrise industry suitable for the development of ecologically fragile areas. The advantage of ecologically fragile areas lies in their characteristic products and landscape resources. Relying on these characteristic resources to develop ecological economy can promote regional employment, and have competitive advantages. It can attract foreign investment. It is an economic development that takes into account the goals of promoting regional economic growth and ecological environmental protection. way. There are many ecological industries that can be developed in ecologically fragile areas, such as ecological agriculture, agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, eco-tourism, etc., which are suitable for the participation of the poor, quick results in poverty alleviation and beneficial to ecological improvement. (IV) Ecological Compensation is the Feedback of Ecological Improvement Achievement Sharing the deterioration of the ecological environment in ecologically fragile areas not only leads to local poverty, but also spreads throughout the ecosystem. If the deteriorating ecological environment is not managed in time, under the action of various natural forces (wind, water flow), it will inevitably lead to the destruction and deterioration of the surrounding ecological environment. At present, China's ecological projects mainly solve the ecological problems of national or key areas, such as the project of returning farmland to forest and the project of controlling the source of wind and sand in Beijing and Tianjin. The positive externality of ecological improvement in the project area to the surrounding areas is very obvious. As an ecological barrier, ecologically fragile areas should be compensated, as a feedback for the surrounding areas to share good ecological services, and also a support for ecological governance in ecologically fragile areas. Ecological compensation is an economic means to balance the interests of ecological protection related subjects, and it is also an important part of ecological poverty alleviation strategy. It is the guarantee for ecologically fragile areas to benefit directly from ecological protection and ecological improvement, and it is the basic requirement of inclusive development. China's ecological compensation mechanism is still in its infancy, with central financial investment as the mainstay, symbolically subsidizing forests, grasslands and wetlands that are important in ecological locations. Therefore, ecological compensation can be used as a key area for the exploration of ecological poverty alleviation strategies. Through the establishment of ecological compensation mechanisms at different levels, ecologically fragile areas can obtain external economic support, further promote the improvement of the ecological environment, and better achieve inclusive development.
-
Zhu Lizhi: Reflections on the Construction of Ecological Agriculture in the New EraThoughts on the Construction of Ecological Agriculture in the New Period* zhu Lizhi abstract: In the new era, ecological agriculture must be a modern and efficient ecological agriculture, which is based on the efficient use of natural resources, pays attention to the overall function of the ecosystem, and continuously improves the quality of the ecological environment. The essence of modern high-efficiency ecological agriculture is that the material unit passes through the production process within the economy many times, with the aim that the material unit is more attached to the product out of the economy, and the guarantee is the smooth circulation of the material unit on the ship of value in the economy. The basic development idea of ecological agriculture in the new period is to use systematic policies and regulations to guarantee, to carry with large-scale operation mode, and to arm with modern science and technology. The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China incorporated the construction of ecological civilization into the "five in one" overall layout, and established the prominent position of ecological civilization in the new stage of socialist construction. Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, and it is also the ecological industry that is most closely related to nature. However, the current situation of agricultural development is worrying. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the inadequate utilization of agricultural waste resources, and the non-standard use of drugs and feed additives in the aquaculture industry have become the main reasons for the destruction of the agricultural ecosystem. All these are contrary to the grand goal of ecological civilization construction. We should take the opportunity of attaching great importance to the construction of ecological civilization, break through the limitations of traditional ecological agriculture, speed up the development of modern and efficient ecological agriculture, and guide and promote the construction of ecological civilization in the vast rural areas. Main characteristics of ecological agriculture 1.1 ecological agriculture is based on the efficient use of natural resources. According to the regional natural conditions and resource base, ecological agriculture can flexibly choose the agricultural ecosystem to form a composite ecosystem model, and then improve the utilization rate of space and light energy, which is conducive to the multi-level utilization of material and energy and increase biomass production. The diversity of species in the complex ecosystem, on the one hand, provides natural conditions for pest prevention and control, thereby reducing the use of chemicals; on the other hand, it improves the efficiency of material circulation and energy conversion, and carries out resource utilization of organic residues, which not only increases the feed source of the aquaculture industry, but also reduces the fertilizer input of the planting industry. In this way, while reducing production costs and improving economic benefits, it also reduces agricultural pollution and improves the quality of agricultural products. 1.2 ecological agriculture focuses on the overall function of the ecosystem ecological agriculture is a comprehensive management system covering agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and other planting and breeding industries. The purpose is to exert the overall function of the ecosystem on limited land and aquaculture waters to maximize comprehensive benefits. Therefore, ecological agriculture requires the appropriate combination of planting and breeding industries according to the specific local conditions, aiming at the highest overall output level. Traditional ecological agriculture is a small-scale planting and breeding industry collocation, which is limited in the final benefit; while modern ecological agriculture emphasizes a moderately large-scale planting and breeding industry collocation, which can give full play to the overall agricultural ecological function to achieve the best output benefit. 1.3 ecological agriculture can improve the quality of ecological environment ecological agriculture itself has a strong self-purification ability, which can greatly reduce the interference of production activities on the ecological environment. At the same time, ecological agriculture pays attention to restoring and improving soil fertility, reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, land degradation and ecological environment pollution can be controlled, and the agricultural and rural ecological environment can be continuously improved. In addition, ecological agriculture can ensure the safety of agricultural products, improve the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem, and enhance the stamina of agricultural development. Present Situation of Ecological Agriculture in China as early as the early 1980 s, China began the construction of ecological agriculture. During the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, more than 100 ecological agriculture pilot demonstration counties summarized and practiced a large number of effective ecological agriculture models, and initially formed an ecological agriculture technology system, and achieved some social, economic and ecological benefits. However, due to the lack of policy theory research, production and management system, China's ecological agriculture is still hovering in the small-scale, low conversion, micro-benefit of the traditional ecological agriculture stage. The main body of 2.1 production is small and the level of industrialization is low. At present, my country's ecological agriculture is basically a household operation based on the original family contract. It is not only small in scale, but also mainly stays in the production stage. Other links in the agricultural industry chain are very imperfect, so it is difficult to achieve economies of scale. It will inevitably restrict the standardized development of ecological agriculture construction, and also lead to a low ability to withstand the impact of the larger economic environment and ecological environment. In addition, small production and management entities generally have poor ecological awareness and insufficient understanding of the development of ecological agriculture. Farmers often pursue economic and immediate interests, and it is difficult to accept standardized ecological agriculture, which makes it difficult to popularize and widely apply ecological agriculture technology. 2.2 research points scattered narrow, lack of systematic A complete agro-ecosystem contains many components and requires rigorous theoretical support to design a suitable composite system. In the past, the research on ecological agriculture mostly focused on a single discipline, and did not form a systematic and comprehensive research. At the same time, the research on the legal countermeasures, strategic guidelines, detection system and standardized evaluation system of the development of ecological agriculture is out of touch with the development of ecological agriculture. In addition, the traditional ecological agricultural technology system is basically a simple addition of a single technology, and the design of a composite ecological agricultural system lacks comprehensive technical measures. Moreover, the rate of practical technology is poor, the project of science and technology is out of touch with farmers' knowledge level and economic bearing capacity, and the technical structure is unreasonable. Lack of 2.4 policies and regulations, lack of funds at present, there is a lack of programmatic documents such as the overall goal, guiding ideology, development measures and guarantee mechanism of national ecological agriculture, the policy incentive mechanism of ecological agriculture construction is not perfect, and the implementation subject lacks enthusiasm; the national ecological agriculture construction laws and regulations have not been formulated, only rely on the "National Technical Specification for Ecological Agriculture Construction" and other guiding documents for ecological agriculture construction; in addition, the traditional ecological agriculture construction can not obtain independent financial support, limited funding channels, construction projects are difficult to fully expand, long-term in the primary stage, the construction process is slow or even stagnant. The Development of Ecological Agriculture in the New Period Should Pay Attention to the Construction of Core Mechanism agriculture, like human beings, is healthy not only by appearance, but also by its internal system, such as "blood circulation system", "meridian system", "metabolic system" and so on. It can be said that agriculture in every place has a nose and eyes, but whether this nose and eyes agriculture is healthy or not does not depend on the surface phenomenon, the internal system is the key. The author believes that the ecological cycle mechanism is the key mechanism to determine whether the internal system of agriculture is healthy, and it is also the core mechanism of ecological agriculture in the new era. If the internal system of the human body is blocked, the person will not be healthy. Similarly, if the ecological cycle mechanism is not well established, agriculture cannot develop healthily and sustainably. For example, whether the straw is recycled, whether the livestock manure is recycled. If we do a good job in the article of ecological cycle, the internal system of agriculture will be sound, and many fundamental problems in agriculture will be solved: the organic matter content of soil will continue to increase, and the physical and chemical properties of soil will become better and better. The quality of cultivated land will also increase. On such a good land, agriculture will not only grow sustainably, but the quality of agricultural products can also be guaranteed from the source. Theoretical basis for the construction of the core mechanism of 3.1 ecological agriculture the author has been engaged in the research of ecological circular agriculture for a long time, and has participated in the practice of a large number of ecological circular agriculture models. In the process of practice, in order to let each member of the team can accurately grasp the main points of ecological cycle, according to the essence of traditional ecological agriculture and the requirements of market economy environment, the "value cycle theory" is summarized ". At the same time, in the cooperation with grass-roots staff, in the discussion and discussion with experts and scholars, the author found that the "value cycle theory" helps to grasp the direction of work and thinking. Therefore, the author believes that the "value cycle theory" can be used as one of the most direct theories to develop modern and efficient ecological agriculture and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. The "value cycle theory" can be summarized as follows: economies in modern society should not only create and realize value, but also pay attention to the cycle of value. In essence, the cycle of value can ensure that more value is created and realized under the condition of limited resources. If all material units (including inorganics and organisms) within an economy can be fully recycled in the form of value, the maximum total amount of value can be provided to the economy. The total value here is the "net value" amount of "positive value" minus the "negative value" amount. The so-called "positive value" refers to the utility value embodied in the products provided by the economy that meets the needs of buyers; the so-called "negative value" refers to the value loss corresponding to the negative impact of the economic behavior on the resource environment and the economy and society. This kind of value loss is sometimes not directly reflected in the present, but gradually appears in the future. The quality of an economy cannot be measured only by the amount of "positive value", that is, the present value of the corresponding "negative value" should be subtracted from the results of the economy. If the material unit within the economy is attached to the product and goes out of the economy, it will form a "positive value", and if it is attached to the waste that is no longer recycled, it will form a "negative value". Only when the material unit is fully circulated in the economy and goes through the production process many times, can more of it be attached to the product and out of the economy, and the economy will form a larger amount of "positive value" and a smaller amount of "negative value" on the premise of the same resource input. How can the material units be fully circulated through the production process many times in the economy? Only by carrying the material units on the ship of value can they be circulated smoothly, because the internal parts of the economy are also complete or incomplete units of economic rationality, and they need to trade through the value chain, that is, they care about value. 3.2 on the Theory of Construction of Ecological Agriculture Core Mechanism 3.2.1 The essence of ecological agriculture is that the material unit passes through the production process within the economy many times. Agricultural waste is mostly organic waste. Collecting and recycling can not only supplement or replace energy, but also increase agricultural production materials, such as organic fertilizer for planting, feed for animal husbandry, and base material for mushroom industry. This is an important part of the ecological cycle mechanism. The compound industrial system in agriculture is a broad world for the implementation of ecological circulation mechanism. Planting, breeding, animal husbandry, mushroom industry, agricultural product processing industry, and emerging tourism and service industries can completely use the ecological circulation chain to integrate the arterial industry for the purpose of agricultural product production and the venous industry for waste treatment, creating conditions for the material unit to go through the production process many times, seek the efficient use of resources and the "zero emission" of waste, fully reflect the essential requirements of ecological cycle, so as to realize the development pattern of high growth of agricultural output, low growth of agricultural resource consumption and negative growth of agricultural environmental pollution. 3.2.2 The purpose of ecological agriculture is to attach more material units to products out of the economy. This part is premised on the above part, that is, if the material units within the economy go through the production process many times, they can provide more products outside the economy and produce a greater total value. Any economy, while producing products, always discharges waste. Although we strive towards the goal of zero emissions, more or less emissions cannot be completely avoided for a while. If the material unit goes through the production process many times, it can be more attached to the product than to the waste out of the economy. For example, the straw in the planting industry was originally an organic residue, which was used as waste in most cases. However, if it is returned to the field or reused through other channels, the material unit in the straw can be converted into the material unit in the product, which is no longer the material unit in the waste discharged by the economy, and the economy can provide more products. Attached to the product out of the economy will form a "positive value", attached to the waste out of the economy will form a "negative value". Therefore, to measure the quality of an economy, we should not only measure the amount of product value, that is, the amount of "positive value", but also subtract the corresponding "negative value". Since the loss of this "negative value" to the socio-economic and ecological environment is not completely directly reflected in the present, but will gradually appear in the future, the "negative value" subtracted each year should be the present value of the apportionment. 3.2.3 The guarantee of ecological agriculture is the smooth circulation of material units on ships with value in the economy. From the above, it can be seen that only by allowing the material units in the economy to go through the production process many times, can the material units be attached to the product more out of the economy. However, it is not a simple matter to make the material unit fully circulate in the economy, and it must be guaranteed by reasonable operating rules. We know that the various parts of the economy are also complete or incomplete units of economic rationality, and their main driving force comes from the stimulation of interests. And behind the benefits is the distribution of value, that is, they are mainly concerned with value. Therefore, to ensure the development of ecological agriculture, it is necessary to establish such a rule of operation, the basic content of which is to use the material units on the ship of value to circulate smoothly in the economy, which is the core of the "value cycle theory" and the fundamental guarantee for the effective operation of ecological agriculture. For example, the straw in the planting industry is used as feed through the breeding industry and then returned to the field. They (in some places, there are straw collection agencies and straw professional cooperation organizations) need to trade reasonably on the value chain of straw to ensure the better operation of this ecological circulation mode. In other words, the material units in straw can circulate smoothly between the planting industry and the breeding industry only through the value ship. Key practices in ecological agriculture in developed countries the term for ecological agriculture is used by American soil scientist William. Albrich (William Albrecht) put forward in 1970, quickly received widespread attention and response, in 1969, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries took the lead in the establishment of the Modern Society Challenge Committee, multilateral experimental projects to deal with environmental issues related to the sector, ecological agriculture is one of the important projects. The Rodale Research Center and the University Ecological Research Institute in the United States, and the International Institute of Biological Agriculture in the United Kingdom have successively carried out ecological agriculture research. Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and other countries have also established ecological farms of different types and scales, and ecological agriculture has developed rapidly. The key to the rapid development of ecological agriculture in developed countries is based on a sound legal system (Liang Jianqin, Tang Zhonghui, 2008). 4.1 European Community ecological agriculture in European countries started earlier, and its policies and regulations are relatively complete. In the early 1990 s, Germany and Britain established the "appropriate agricultural activity criterion", which strictly controlled the amount of fertilizer applied during the inappropriate fertilization period, and stipulated that livestock farmers near the river must have the treatment facilities of livestock manure and urine, and the government should subsidize the losses (Liang Jianqin, Tang Zhonghui, 2008); in 1992, the European Community promulgated the Regulations on Ecological Agriculture and the Production of Corresponding Agricultural Products on the basis of the German Fertilization Order and the British Law on the Control of Public Hazards, which expanded the scope of application of the "polluter's burden" principle and clearly stipulated how products were produced, which substances were allowed to be used and which substances were not allowed to be used, and added provisions on animal production in 1999 (Jiang Yihua, 2001); in 1993, the European Community countries issued policies and regulations on ecological agriculture funding, and invested considerable funds to implement them uniformly across the country. All funding projects in the European Union countries stipulate that farmers must cultivate in accordance with ecological agriculture standards for 5 years before they can receive funding. Otherwise, the money received must be refunded (Jiang Yihua, 2001). For example, the development of ecological agriculture in Germany is strongly supported by the government. In order to support agriculture, the amount of subsidies provided by the German government for agriculture has greatly increased, not only in terms of production, but also in the processing and marketing of ecological agricultural products (Xu Yongxiang). Germany has a set of perfect agricultural laws and regulations, including seed law and species protection law, fertilizer use law, natural resources protection law, land resources protection law, plant protection law, garbage disposal law and water resources management regulations, in 2001, Germany formally implemented the "Ecological Identification Law", which distinguishes ecological products from traditional agricultural products through identification, which is a significant progress for the development of ecological agriculture. In addition, Germany formulated the "Ecological Agriculture Law" in 2003, which stipulates the monitoring, inspection or testing of the business activities of registered ecological agriculture enterprises and their products, as well as the punishment of operators who violate the "regulations, this is to ensure that the EU regulatory directives are fully implemented (Jia Jinrong, 2005). 4.2 United States the agricultural legislation of the United States is based on and centered on agricultural law, and there are more than 100 important supporting laws. Therefore, the agricultural legal system is very complete, and various measures for the development of ecological agriculture are embodied in the laws of various ministries. The Soil and Water Conservation Law of 1953, the Soil and Water Resources Protection Law of 1997, and the Clean Water Law all provide for the protection of the agricultural ecological environment; the organic agriculture regulations designated in 1983 define organic agriculture and require that all pesticides must be registered with the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and registered in the state of use. Users must be trained and qualified to obtain certificates; the Soil Protection Law promulgated in 1985 implemented 10-15 years fallow for land prone to soil erosion, which accounts for 24% of the cultivated land in the United States, and directly subsidized farmers; the Organic Food Production Law was formulated in 1990, and the Organic Food Certificate Management Law was issued in 1991 (Xu Yongxiang, 2010); the Farm Safety and Rural Investment Act of 2002 authorizes the Ministry of Agriculture to implement the Conservation Guarantee Plan, Conservation Preservation Plan, Wetland Preservation Plan, Environmental Quality Incentive Plan, Grassland Preservation Plan, Private Ranch Protection Plan, Wildlife Habitat Incentive Plan, Farm and Ranch Land Protection Plan, etc, three subsidy methods of "marketing assistance loan and loan price difference payment", "direct payment" or "direct subsidy" and "counter-cyclical payment" have been set up to strengthen the protection of agricultural ecological environment, adjust the subsidy mode, expand the scope of subsidy, and subsidize farmers who implement ecological protection plans, so as to directly benefit them (Meng Fanhua, 2004). 4.3 Japan in the 1970 s and 1980 s, Japan began to attach importance to agricultural environmental issues and advocated the development of circular agriculture. Organic agriculture has generally risen throughout the country. The Waste Disposal Law, the Environmental Basic Law, the Effective Use of Resources Promotion Law, the Basic Law for Promoting the Formation of a Recycling Society, the Pesticide Banning Law, and the Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Law have been promulgated successively, and organic agriculture and ecology The reduced use of agriculture and pesticides and fertilizers has been gradually implemented; Japan formally promulgated the Basic Law on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Areas in 1999, as the basic policy of the 21st century, its core is to realize the sustainable development of agriculture and the revitalization of rural areas, ensure the stable supply of food, and give full play to the various functions of agriculture and rural areas (Liang Jianqin, Tang Zhonghui, 2008). Subsequently, three laws on the agricultural environment were promulgated: the Livestock Excreta Law, the Fertilizer Management Law (Revised) and the Sustainable Agriculture Law, and the development of organic agriculture was the first choice for environmentally friendly agriculture. In 2001, the national standards and inspection and certification system for organic food were implemented, and the production standards for organic food, standards for organic agricultural products and specially cultivated agricultural products, and essentials for the production and management of organic agricultural products were formulated. The production technical route and inspection and certification system of organic agricultural products were determined (Zhou Yuxin, Tang Luozhong, 2009). At the beginning of the 21st century, with the increase of consumers' attention to food safety and environmental issues, Japan has successively issued the "Implementation Outline of Pesticide Hazard Prevention Campaign", "Pesticide Residue Rules", and "Agricultural Land Management Law" to strengthen the supervision and management of pesticides. Approval, production, storage and use. In 2005, the new "Food, Agriculture, and Rural Basic Plan" and "Agricultural Environmental Standards" were promulgated, and it was proposed that the full implementation of environmentally-friendly agriculture is a necessary condition for enjoying various support measures such as government subsidies and policy loans. In 2006 and 2007 The "Regulations on the Promotion of Organic Agriculture" and the "Basic Policy on the Promotion of Organic Agriculture" (Zhou Yuxin, Tang Luozhong, 2009) were issued. Basic Ideas of Ecological Agriculture Development in China in the New Period entering the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", the development of ecological agriculture has ushered in new opportunities. Under the realistic pressure of increasingly serious environmental pollution and frequent food safety problems, citizens' awareness of environmental protection has gradually increased. At the same time, the main body of agricultural production is also diversified. Large professional households, family farms, agricultural enterprises, cooperatives and other business entities gradually replace the traditional management of one household, creating conditions for the implementation of ecological agriculture model and technical system. In 2012, the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China will "vigorously promote the construction of ecological civilization" as an independent chapter, which highlights the great significance of ecological civilization to the future development of our country, and provides a good policy environment for the development of ecological agriculture in the new era. The development goal of ecological agriculture in the new period is to build modern and efficient ecological agriculture. Modern high-efficiency ecological agriculture is different from traditional ecological agriculture. It needs systematic policies and regulations, large-scale operation mode, and modern science and technology. 4.1 Using Systematic Policies and Regulations to Guarantee Ecological Agriculture compared with the general agricultural development model, modern high-efficiency ecological agriculture has stronger positive externalities, but at the same time it bears greater opportunity costs. The way to make up for it is to implement support policies, establish incentive mechanisms, and guide the behavior of agricultural producers. At the same time, referring to the successful international practices, China should improve the corresponding legal system, establish the corresponding restraint mechanism, and standardize the behavior of agricultural producers. At present, we are still in the initial stage in the construction of these mechanisms. Therefore, we need to formulate policies and regulations that can guide and guarantee the rapid development of modern and efficient ecological agriculture on the basis of in-depth economic analysis and farmers' willingness research, and form an effective mechanism as soon as possible. 4.2 Carrying Ecological Agriculture with Large-scale Operation Mode moderate scale operation of agriculture can promote specialized production, intensive input and large-scale output, constantly reduce the production cost per unit area, and constantly improve the total benefit of the main body of operation. At the same time, scale is the premise of modern and efficient ecological agriculture, which can ensure the efficient material circulation and energy conversion among the subsystems of the agricultural ecosystem, and effectively resist large natural disasters. At present, my country is accelerating urbanization, and the problem of idle or insufficient use of rural land has become increasingly prominent. The basic conditions for the development of moderate-scale agricultural operations are met. Therefore, it is recommended that the government can actively guide and formulate plans in advance; improve the training and education system to accelerate the cultivation of professional farmers in ecological agriculture; improve the relevant policies and regulations system, and strengthen supervision while encouraging; improve the agricultural socialized service system to provide production and market guarantees. 4.3 Arming Ecological Agriculture with Modern Science and Technology facing the dual pressure of ensuring the effective supply of agricultural products and protecting resources and environment, China's agricultural development must rely on science and technology, and the core support of modern and efficient ecological agriculture is also science and technology. It is necessary to fully understand the technical needs and innovation direction of the development of ecological agriculture, not only to tap the essence of traditional ecological agriculture technology, but also to innovate modern agricultural technology, and further integrate innovation. The technical characteristics of traditional ecological agriculture are intensive cultivation and emphasis on the protection of resources, environment and ecosystem. The disadvantages are small production scale, low efficiency and poor ability to resist natural disasters. Therefore, on the basis of excavating the essence of traditional ecological agriculture technology, modern agricultural technology should be used to make up for its defects and transform ecological agriculture into modern and efficient agriculture. However, using modern agricultural technology to optimize traditional ecological agricultural technology is not simply used, but integrated according to different types of ecological agriculture, which is an innovative process, so that ecological agriculture can truly have modern and efficient technical connotations. References: jiang Yihua. The ecological policy of agriculture abroad. World Economic and Political Forum, 2001(4):12-15 jia Jinrong. Development and policy of ecological agriculture in Germany. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2005(1):76-78 meng Fanhua. Current situation of ecological agriculture in Germany. Rural Tiandi, 2004(1):38-40 liang Jianqin. Tang Zhonghui. Foreign ecological agriculture legislation and its enlightenment to China. Journal of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 2008(8)56-58 (in Chinese) kang Tat-Byong. Enlightenment from the investigation of ecological agriculture in Japan. Agricultural Environment and Development, 2002(4):42-44 xu Yongxiang. Enlightenment of the development of ecological agriculture in Germany to China. Old District Construction, 2010(1):58-59 zhou Yuxin. Tang Luozhong. The enlightenment of Japan's agricultural environmental protection policy to China. Environmental Protection, 2009(21):68-70 * the article was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71173221).
-
Du Zhixiong and Chen Wensheng's National Responsibility for Food Security and the Game of Local Goals PublishedThe "Game of National Responsibility and Local Goals for Food Security" co-authored by Du Zhixiong, President of the Association, and Chen Wensheng, executive director of the Association, was published by Social Science Literature Publishing House. Food security is an important part of national public security. At present, the main grain producing areas bear the important task of ensuring national food security. However, the performance appraisal system with GDP as the core enables local governments at all levels to have their own GDP growth targets. Due to the low efficiency of growing grain, there must be some differences between the national responsibility and local goals in the main grain producing areas, so the game between national responsibility and local goals is bound to occur. This book selects a typical village in a large grain-growing county in Hunan for research, and dissects the various games between the "big village" of grain-growing in assuming national responsibility and achieving local goals, in order to reflect the huge contradictions and problems at the macro level mentioned above. The study found that the village level is one of the main forces to bear the responsibility of national food security, and the village level needs to transform and develop in order to better bear the responsibility of national food security. At the same time, in order to make the village level better bear the responsibility of organizing food production, the state should give more consideration to the dilemma of balancing the responsibility of food security and increasing farmers' income, the national macro policy should seek breakthrough policy suggestions in five aspects: innovating agricultural production subsidy policy, improving rural social security system to ensure farmers' life safety, innovating rural land contract management system to promote agricultural scale, strengthening farmers' training, improving the quality of grain growers, and improving the market system's responsibility for national food security.