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Zhu Lizhi: Reflections on the Construction of Ecological Agriculture in the New EraThoughts on the Construction of Ecological Agriculture in the New Period* zhu Lizhi abstract: In the new era, ecological agriculture must be a modern and efficient ecological agriculture, which is based on the efficient use of natural resources, pays attention to the overall function of the ecosystem, and continuously improves the quality of the ecological environment. The essence of modern high-efficiency ecological agriculture is that the material unit passes through the production process within the economy many times, with the aim that the material unit is more attached to the product out of the economy, and the guarantee is the smooth circulation of the material unit on the ship of value in the economy. The basic development idea of ecological agriculture in the new period is to use systematic policies and regulations to guarantee, to carry with large-scale operation mode, and to arm with modern science and technology. The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China incorporated the construction of ecological civilization into the "five in one" overall layout, and established the prominent position of ecological civilization in the new stage of socialist construction. Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, and it is also the ecological industry that is most closely related to nature. However, the current situation of agricultural development is worrying. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the inadequate utilization of agricultural waste resources, and the non-standard use of drugs and feed additives in the aquaculture industry have become the main reasons for the destruction of the agricultural ecosystem. All these are contrary to the grand goal of ecological civilization construction. We should take the opportunity of attaching great importance to the construction of ecological civilization, break through the limitations of traditional ecological agriculture, speed up the development of modern and efficient ecological agriculture, and guide and promote the construction of ecological civilization in the vast rural areas. Main characteristics of ecological agriculture 1.1 ecological agriculture is based on the efficient use of natural resources. According to the regional natural conditions and resource base, ecological agriculture can flexibly choose the agricultural ecosystem to form a composite ecosystem model, and then improve the utilization rate of space and light energy, which is conducive to the multi-level utilization of material and energy and increase biomass production. The diversity of species in the complex ecosystem, on the one hand, provides natural conditions for pest prevention and control, thereby reducing the use of chemicals; on the other hand, it improves the efficiency of material circulation and energy conversion, and carries out resource utilization of organic residues, which not only increases the feed source of the aquaculture industry, but also reduces the fertilizer input of the planting industry. In this way, while reducing production costs and improving economic benefits, it also reduces agricultural pollution and improves the quality of agricultural products. 1.2 ecological agriculture focuses on the overall function of the ecosystem ecological agriculture is a comprehensive management system covering agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and other planting and breeding industries. The purpose is to exert the overall function of the ecosystem on limited land and aquaculture waters to maximize comprehensive benefits. Therefore, ecological agriculture requires the appropriate combination of planting and breeding industries according to the specific local conditions, aiming at the highest overall output level. Traditional ecological agriculture is a small-scale planting and breeding industry collocation, which is limited in the final benefit; while modern ecological agriculture emphasizes a moderately large-scale planting and breeding industry collocation, which can give full play to the overall agricultural ecological function to achieve the best output benefit. 1.3 ecological agriculture can improve the quality of ecological environment ecological agriculture itself has a strong self-purification ability, which can greatly reduce the interference of production activities on the ecological environment. At the same time, ecological agriculture pays attention to restoring and improving soil fertility, reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, land degradation and ecological environment pollution can be controlled, and the agricultural and rural ecological environment can be continuously improved. In addition, ecological agriculture can ensure the safety of agricultural products, improve the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem, and enhance the stamina of agricultural development. Present Situation of Ecological Agriculture in China as early as the early 1980 s, China began the construction of ecological agriculture. During the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, more than 100 ecological agriculture pilot demonstration counties summarized and practiced a large number of effective ecological agriculture models, and initially formed an ecological agriculture technology system, and achieved some social, economic and ecological benefits. However, due to the lack of policy theory research, production and management system, China's ecological agriculture is still hovering in the small-scale, low conversion, micro-benefit of the traditional ecological agriculture stage. The main body of 2.1 production is small and the level of industrialization is low. At present, my country's ecological agriculture is basically a household operation based on the original family contract. It is not only small in scale, but also mainly stays in the production stage. Other links in the agricultural industry chain are very imperfect, so it is difficult to achieve economies of scale. It will inevitably restrict the standardized development of ecological agriculture construction, and also lead to a low ability to withstand the impact of the larger economic environment and ecological environment. In addition, small production and management entities generally have poor ecological awareness and insufficient understanding of the development of ecological agriculture. Farmers often pursue economic and immediate interests, and it is difficult to accept standardized ecological agriculture, which makes it difficult to popularize and widely apply ecological agriculture technology. 2.2 research points scattered narrow, lack of systematic A complete agro-ecosystem contains many components and requires rigorous theoretical support to design a suitable composite system. In the past, the research on ecological agriculture mostly focused on a single discipline, and did not form a systematic and comprehensive research. At the same time, the research on the legal countermeasures, strategic guidelines, detection system and standardized evaluation system of the development of ecological agriculture is out of touch with the development of ecological agriculture. In addition, the traditional ecological agricultural technology system is basically a simple addition of a single technology, and the design of a composite ecological agricultural system lacks comprehensive technical measures. Moreover, the rate of practical technology is poor, the project of science and technology is out of touch with farmers' knowledge level and economic bearing capacity, and the technical structure is unreasonable. Lack of 2.4 policies and regulations, lack of funds at present, there is a lack of programmatic documents such as the overall goal, guiding ideology, development measures and guarantee mechanism of national ecological agriculture, the policy incentive mechanism of ecological agriculture construction is not perfect, and the implementation subject lacks enthusiasm; the national ecological agriculture construction laws and regulations have not been formulated, only rely on the "National Technical Specification for Ecological Agriculture Construction" and other guiding documents for ecological agriculture construction; in addition, the traditional ecological agriculture construction can not obtain independent financial support, limited funding channels, construction projects are difficult to fully expand, long-term in the primary stage, the construction process is slow or even stagnant. The Development of Ecological Agriculture in the New Period Should Pay Attention to the Construction of Core Mechanism agriculture, like human beings, is healthy not only by appearance, but also by its internal system, such as "blood circulation system", "meridian system", "metabolic system" and so on. It can be said that agriculture in every place has a nose and eyes, but whether this nose and eyes agriculture is healthy or not does not depend on the surface phenomenon, the internal system is the key. The author believes that the ecological cycle mechanism is the key mechanism to determine whether the internal system of agriculture is healthy, and it is also the core mechanism of ecological agriculture in the new era. If the internal system of the human body is blocked, the person will not be healthy. Similarly, if the ecological cycle mechanism is not well established, agriculture cannot develop healthily and sustainably. For example, whether the straw is recycled, whether the livestock manure is recycled. If we do a good job in the article of ecological cycle, the internal system of agriculture will be sound, and many fundamental problems in agriculture will be solved: the organic matter content of soil will continue to increase, and the physical and chemical properties of soil will become better and better. The quality of cultivated land will also increase. On such a good land, agriculture will not only grow sustainably, but the quality of agricultural products can also be guaranteed from the source. Theoretical basis for the construction of the core mechanism of 3.1 ecological agriculture the author has been engaged in the research of ecological circular agriculture for a long time, and has participated in the practice of a large number of ecological circular agriculture models. In the process of practice, in order to let each member of the team can accurately grasp the main points of ecological cycle, according to the essence of traditional ecological agriculture and the requirements of market economy environment, the "value cycle theory" is summarized ". At the same time, in the cooperation with grass-roots staff, in the discussion and discussion with experts and scholars, the author found that the "value cycle theory" helps to grasp the direction of work and thinking. Therefore, the author believes that the "value cycle theory" can be used as one of the most direct theories to develop modern and efficient ecological agriculture and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. The "value cycle theory" can be summarized as follows: economies in modern society should not only create and realize value, but also pay attention to the cycle of value. In essence, the cycle of value can ensure that more value is created and realized under the condition of limited resources. If all material units (including inorganics and organisms) within an economy can be fully recycled in the form of value, the maximum total amount of value can be provided to the economy. The total value here is the "net value" amount of "positive value" minus the "negative value" amount. The so-called "positive value" refers to the utility value embodied in the products provided by the economy that meets the needs of buyers; the so-called "negative value" refers to the value loss corresponding to the negative impact of the economic behavior on the resource environment and the economy and society. This kind of value loss is sometimes not directly reflected in the present, but gradually appears in the future. The quality of an economy cannot be measured only by the amount of "positive value", that is, the present value of the corresponding "negative value" should be subtracted from the results of the economy. If the material unit within the economy is attached to the product and goes out of the economy, it will form a "positive value", and if it is attached to the waste that is no longer recycled, it will form a "negative value". Only when the material unit is fully circulated in the economy and goes through the production process many times, can more of it be attached to the product and out of the economy, and the economy will form a larger amount of "positive value" and a smaller amount of "negative value" on the premise of the same resource input. How can the material units be fully circulated through the production process many times in the economy? Only by carrying the material units on the ship of value can they be circulated smoothly, because the internal parts of the economy are also complete or incomplete units of economic rationality, and they need to trade through the value chain, that is, they care about value. 3.2 on the Theory of Construction of Ecological Agriculture Core Mechanism 3.2.1 The essence of ecological agriculture is that the material unit passes through the production process within the economy many times. Agricultural waste is mostly organic waste. Collecting and recycling can not only supplement or replace energy, but also increase agricultural production materials, such as organic fertilizer for planting, feed for animal husbandry, and base material for mushroom industry. This is an important part of the ecological cycle mechanism. The compound industrial system in agriculture is a broad world for the implementation of ecological circulation mechanism. Planting, breeding, animal husbandry, mushroom industry, agricultural product processing industry, and emerging tourism and service industries can completely use the ecological circulation chain to integrate the arterial industry for the purpose of agricultural product production and the venous industry for waste treatment, creating conditions for the material unit to go through the production process many times, seek the efficient use of resources and the "zero emission" of waste, fully reflect the essential requirements of ecological cycle, so as to realize the development pattern of high growth of agricultural output, low growth of agricultural resource consumption and negative growth of agricultural environmental pollution. 3.2.2 The purpose of ecological agriculture is to attach more material units to products out of the economy. This part is premised on the above part, that is, if the material units within the economy go through the production process many times, they can provide more products outside the economy and produce a greater total value. Any economy, while producing products, always discharges waste. Although we strive towards the goal of zero emissions, more or less emissions cannot be completely avoided for a while. If the material unit goes through the production process many times, it can be more attached to the product than to the waste out of the economy. For example, the straw in the planting industry was originally an organic residue, which was used as waste in most cases. However, if it is returned to the field or reused through other channels, the material unit in the straw can be converted into the material unit in the product, which is no longer the material unit in the waste discharged by the economy, and the economy can provide more products. Attached to the product out of the economy will form a "positive value", attached to the waste out of the economy will form a "negative value". Therefore, to measure the quality of an economy, we should not only measure the amount of product value, that is, the amount of "positive value", but also subtract the corresponding "negative value". Since the loss of this "negative value" to the socio-economic and ecological environment is not completely directly reflected in the present, but will gradually appear in the future, the "negative value" subtracted each year should be the present value of the apportionment. 3.2.3 The guarantee of ecological agriculture is the smooth circulation of material units on ships with value in the economy. From the above, it can be seen that only by allowing the material units in the economy to go through the production process many times, can the material units be attached to the product more out of the economy. However, it is not a simple matter to make the material unit fully circulate in the economy, and it must be guaranteed by reasonable operating rules. We know that the various parts of the economy are also complete or incomplete units of economic rationality, and their main driving force comes from the stimulation of interests. And behind the benefits is the distribution of value, that is, they are mainly concerned with value. Therefore, to ensure the development of ecological agriculture, it is necessary to establish such a rule of operation, the basic content of which is to use the material units on the ship of value to circulate smoothly in the economy, which is the core of the "value cycle theory" and the fundamental guarantee for the effective operation of ecological agriculture. For example, the straw in the planting industry is used as feed through the breeding industry and then returned to the field. They (in some places, there are straw collection agencies and straw professional cooperation organizations) need to trade reasonably on the value chain of straw to ensure the better operation of this ecological circulation mode. In other words, the material units in straw can circulate smoothly between the planting industry and the breeding industry only through the value ship. Key practices in ecological agriculture in developed countries the term for ecological agriculture is used by American soil scientist William. Albrich (William Albrecht) put forward in 1970, quickly received widespread attention and response, in 1969, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries took the lead in the establishment of the Modern Society Challenge Committee, multilateral experimental projects to deal with environmental issues related to the sector, ecological agriculture is one of the important projects. The Rodale Research Center and the University Ecological Research Institute in the United States, and the International Institute of Biological Agriculture in the United Kingdom have successively carried out ecological agriculture research. Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and other countries have also established ecological farms of different types and scales, and ecological agriculture has developed rapidly. The key to the rapid development of ecological agriculture in developed countries is based on a sound legal system (Liang Jianqin, Tang Zhonghui, 2008). 4.1 European Community ecological agriculture in European countries started earlier, and its policies and regulations are relatively complete. In the early 1990 s, Germany and Britain established the "appropriate agricultural activity criterion", which strictly controlled the amount of fertilizer applied during the inappropriate fertilization period, and stipulated that livestock farmers near the river must have the treatment facilities of livestock manure and urine, and the government should subsidize the losses (Liang Jianqin, Tang Zhonghui, 2008); in 1992, the European Community promulgated the Regulations on Ecological Agriculture and the Production of Corresponding Agricultural Products on the basis of the German Fertilization Order and the British Law on the Control of Public Hazards, which expanded the scope of application of the "polluter's burden" principle and clearly stipulated how products were produced, which substances were allowed to be used and which substances were not allowed to be used, and added provisions on animal production in 1999 (Jiang Yihua, 2001); in 1993, the European Community countries issued policies and regulations on ecological agriculture funding, and invested considerable funds to implement them uniformly across the country. All funding projects in the European Union countries stipulate that farmers must cultivate in accordance with ecological agriculture standards for 5 years before they can receive funding. Otherwise, the money received must be refunded (Jiang Yihua, 2001). For example, the development of ecological agriculture in Germany is strongly supported by the government. In order to support agriculture, the amount of subsidies provided by the German government for agriculture has greatly increased, not only in terms of production, but also in the processing and marketing of ecological agricultural products (Xu Yongxiang). Germany has a set of perfect agricultural laws and regulations, including seed law and species protection law, fertilizer use law, natural resources protection law, land resources protection law, plant protection law, garbage disposal law and water resources management regulations, in 2001, Germany formally implemented the "Ecological Identification Law", which distinguishes ecological products from traditional agricultural products through identification, which is a significant progress for the development of ecological agriculture. In addition, Germany formulated the "Ecological Agriculture Law" in 2003, which stipulates the monitoring, inspection or testing of the business activities of registered ecological agriculture enterprises and their products, as well as the punishment of operators who violate the "regulations, this is to ensure that the EU regulatory directives are fully implemented (Jia Jinrong, 2005). 4.2 United States the agricultural legislation of the United States is based on and centered on agricultural law, and there are more than 100 important supporting laws. Therefore, the agricultural legal system is very complete, and various measures for the development of ecological agriculture are embodied in the laws of various ministries. The Soil and Water Conservation Law of 1953, the Soil and Water Resources Protection Law of 1997, and the Clean Water Law all provide for the protection of the agricultural ecological environment; the organic agriculture regulations designated in 1983 define organic agriculture and require that all pesticides must be registered with the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and registered in the state of use. Users must be trained and qualified to obtain certificates; the Soil Protection Law promulgated in 1985 implemented 10-15 years fallow for land prone to soil erosion, which accounts for 24% of the cultivated land in the United States, and directly subsidized farmers; the Organic Food Production Law was formulated in 1990, and the Organic Food Certificate Management Law was issued in 1991 (Xu Yongxiang, 2010); the Farm Safety and Rural Investment Act of 2002 authorizes the Ministry of Agriculture to implement the Conservation Guarantee Plan, Conservation Preservation Plan, Wetland Preservation Plan, Environmental Quality Incentive Plan, Grassland Preservation Plan, Private Ranch Protection Plan, Wildlife Habitat Incentive Plan, Farm and Ranch Land Protection Plan, etc, three subsidy methods of "marketing assistance loan and loan price difference payment", "direct payment" or "direct subsidy" and "counter-cyclical payment" have been set up to strengthen the protection of agricultural ecological environment, adjust the subsidy mode, expand the scope of subsidy, and subsidize farmers who implement ecological protection plans, so as to directly benefit them (Meng Fanhua, 2004). 4.3 Japan in the 1970 s and 1980 s, Japan began to attach importance to agricultural environmental issues and advocated the development of circular agriculture. Organic agriculture has generally risen throughout the country. The Waste Disposal Law, the Environmental Basic Law, the Effective Use of Resources Promotion Law, the Basic Law for Promoting the Formation of a Recycling Society, the Pesticide Banning Law, and the Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Law have been promulgated successively, and organic agriculture and ecology The reduced use of agriculture and pesticides and fertilizers has been gradually implemented; Japan formally promulgated the Basic Law on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Areas in 1999, as the basic policy of the 21st century, its core is to realize the sustainable development of agriculture and the revitalization of rural areas, ensure the stable supply of food, and give full play to the various functions of agriculture and rural areas (Liang Jianqin, Tang Zhonghui, 2008). Subsequently, three laws on the agricultural environment were promulgated: the Livestock Excreta Law, the Fertilizer Management Law (Revised) and the Sustainable Agriculture Law, and the development of organic agriculture was the first choice for environmentally friendly agriculture. In 2001, the national standards and inspection and certification system for organic food were implemented, and the production standards for organic food, standards for organic agricultural products and specially cultivated agricultural products, and essentials for the production and management of organic agricultural products were formulated. The production technical route and inspection and certification system of organic agricultural products were determined (Zhou Yuxin, Tang Luozhong, 2009). At the beginning of the 21st century, with the increase of consumers' attention to food safety and environmental issues, Japan has successively issued the "Implementation Outline of Pesticide Hazard Prevention Campaign", "Pesticide Residue Rules", and "Agricultural Land Management Law" to strengthen the supervision and management of pesticides. Approval, production, storage and use. In 2005, the new "Food, Agriculture, and Rural Basic Plan" and "Agricultural Environmental Standards" were promulgated, and it was proposed that the full implementation of environmentally-friendly agriculture is a necessary condition for enjoying various support measures such as government subsidies and policy loans. In 2006 and 2007 The "Regulations on the Promotion of Organic Agriculture" and the "Basic Policy on the Promotion of Organic Agriculture" (Zhou Yuxin, Tang Luozhong, 2009) were issued. Basic Ideas of Ecological Agriculture Development in China in the New Period entering the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", the development of ecological agriculture has ushered in new opportunities. Under the realistic pressure of increasingly serious environmental pollution and frequent food safety problems, citizens' awareness of environmental protection has gradually increased. At the same time, the main body of agricultural production is also diversified. Large professional households, family farms, agricultural enterprises, cooperatives and other business entities gradually replace the traditional management of one household, creating conditions for the implementation of ecological agriculture model and technical system. In 2012, the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China will "vigorously promote the construction of ecological civilization" as an independent chapter, which highlights the great significance of ecological civilization to the future development of our country, and provides a good policy environment for the development of ecological agriculture in the new era. The development goal of ecological agriculture in the new period is to build modern and efficient ecological agriculture. Modern high-efficiency ecological agriculture is different from traditional ecological agriculture. It needs systematic policies and regulations, large-scale operation mode, and modern science and technology. 4.1 Using Systematic Policies and Regulations to Guarantee Ecological Agriculture compared with the general agricultural development model, modern high-efficiency ecological agriculture has stronger positive externalities, but at the same time it bears greater opportunity costs. The way to make up for it is to implement support policies, establish incentive mechanisms, and guide the behavior of agricultural producers. At the same time, referring to the successful international practices, China should improve the corresponding legal system, establish the corresponding restraint mechanism, and standardize the behavior of agricultural producers. At present, we are still in the initial stage in the construction of these mechanisms. Therefore, we need to formulate policies and regulations that can guide and guarantee the rapid development of modern and efficient ecological agriculture on the basis of in-depth economic analysis and farmers' willingness research, and form an effective mechanism as soon as possible. 4.2 Carrying Ecological Agriculture with Large-scale Operation Mode moderate scale operation of agriculture can promote specialized production, intensive input and large-scale output, constantly reduce the production cost per unit area, and constantly improve the total benefit of the main body of operation. At the same time, scale is the premise of modern and efficient ecological agriculture, which can ensure the efficient material circulation and energy conversion among the subsystems of the agricultural ecosystem, and effectively resist large natural disasters. At present, my country is accelerating urbanization, and the problem of idle or insufficient use of rural land has become increasingly prominent. The basic conditions for the development of moderate-scale agricultural operations are met. Therefore, it is recommended that the government can actively guide and formulate plans in advance; improve the training and education system to accelerate the cultivation of professional farmers in ecological agriculture; improve the relevant policies and regulations system, and strengthen supervision while encouraging; improve the agricultural socialized service system to provide production and market guarantees. 4.3 Arming Ecological Agriculture with Modern Science and Technology facing the dual pressure of ensuring the effective supply of agricultural products and protecting resources and environment, China's agricultural development must rely on science and technology, and the core support of modern and efficient ecological agriculture is also science and technology. It is necessary to fully understand the technical needs and innovation direction of the development of ecological agriculture, not only to tap the essence of traditional ecological agriculture technology, but also to innovate modern agricultural technology, and further integrate innovation. The technical characteristics of traditional ecological agriculture are intensive cultivation and emphasis on the protection of resources, environment and ecosystem. The disadvantages are small production scale, low efficiency and poor ability to resist natural disasters. Therefore, on the basis of excavating the essence of traditional ecological agriculture technology, modern agricultural technology should be used to make up for its defects and transform ecological agriculture into modern and efficient agriculture. However, using modern agricultural technology to optimize traditional ecological agricultural technology is not simply used, but integrated according to different types of ecological agriculture, which is an innovative process, so that ecological agriculture can truly have modern and efficient technical connotations. References: jiang Yihua. The ecological policy of agriculture abroad. World Economic and Political Forum, 2001(4):12-15 jia Jinrong. Development and policy of ecological agriculture in Germany. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2005(1):76-78 meng Fanhua. Current situation of ecological agriculture in Germany. Rural Tiandi, 2004(1):38-40 liang Jianqin. Tang Zhonghui. Foreign ecological agriculture legislation and its enlightenment to China. Journal of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 2008(8)56-58 (in Chinese) kang Tat-Byong. Enlightenment from the investigation of ecological agriculture in Japan. Agricultural Environment and Development, 2002(4):42-44 xu Yongxiang. Enlightenment of the development of ecological agriculture in Germany to China. Old District Construction, 2010(1):58-59 zhou Yuxin. Tang Luozhong. The enlightenment of Japan's agricultural environmental protection policy to China. Environmental Protection, 2009(21):68-70 * the article was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71173221).
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Du Zhixiong and Chen Wensheng's National Responsibility for Food Security and the Game of Local Goals PublishedThe "Game of National Responsibility and Local Goals for Food Security" co-authored by Du Zhixiong, President of the Association, and Chen Wensheng, executive director of the Association, was published by Social Science Literature Publishing House. Food security is an important part of national public security. At present, the main grain producing areas bear the important task of ensuring national food security. However, the performance appraisal system with GDP as the core enables local governments at all levels to have their own GDP growth targets. Due to the low efficiency of growing grain, there must be some differences between the national responsibility and local goals in the main grain producing areas, so the game between national responsibility and local goals is bound to occur. This book selects a typical village in a large grain-growing county in Hunan for research, and dissects the various games between the "big village" of grain-growing in assuming national responsibility and achieving local goals, in order to reflect the huge contradictions and problems at the macro level mentioned above. The study found that the village level is one of the main forces to bear the responsibility of national food security, and the village level needs to transform and develop in order to better bear the responsibility of national food security. At the same time, in order to make the village level better bear the responsibility of organizing food production, the state should give more consideration to the dilemma of balancing the responsibility of food security and increasing farmers' income, the national macro policy should seek breakthrough policy suggestions in five aspects: innovating agricultural production subsidy policy, improving rural social security system to ensure farmers' life safety, innovating rural land contract management system to promote agricultural scale, strengthening farmers' training, improving the quality of grain growers, and improving the market system's responsibility for national food security.