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Du Zhixiong: Rural Reform and Experiment from the "Three Characteristics" of Reform[Abstract]] focusing on systematicness, integrity and synergy is an important principle and method for comprehensively deepening reform. Rural reform is an important part of comprehensively deepening reform, and rural reform is increasingly "affecting the whole body". Taking the reform "three characteristics" as the analysis framework, in view of the reality of the rural reform experiment, several problems worthy of attention in the process of rural reform and experiment are discussed in depth, and based on the analysis conclusions, four aspects of thinking and suggestions to improve the rural reform experiment are put forward. Key words] systematicness; integrity; synergy; "three characteristics"; traditional Chinese medicine reform; rural reform and experiment; suggestion fund project] phased Achievements of Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the process of comprehensively deepening reform, the formulation of focusing on systematicness, integrity and synergy was first put forward by General Secretary Xi Jinping. In December 2012, when Comrade Xi Jinping visited Shenzhen for the first time after serving as General Secretary, he emphasized that it is necessary to "enhance the systematicness, integrity and synergy of reforms" (referred to as the "three characteristics"), so that reforms will not stop and opening up. Stop. Then, during the second collective study of the 18th Politburo on December 31, 2012, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized for the second time: to strengthen macro thinking and top-level design, and pay more attention to the systematicness, integrity, and coordination of reforms; Reform and opening up is a systematic project. We must adhere to comprehensive reforms and advance in the coordination of various reforms. We must pay more attention to the mutual promotion, benign interaction, overall advancement, and key breakthroughs of various reforms, to form a strong synergy to promote reform and opening up. In the decision adopted at the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in 2013, when putting forward the general goal of comprehensively deepening reform, it was emphasized that more attention must be paid to the systematicness, integrity, and coordination of reform. this is also the first time that reform should pay attention to the "three characteristics" of systematicness, integrity, and coordination in a party document. Reform should pay attention to the "three characteristics". Obviously, what we are discussing is the methodology of reform, which is very different from the situation in the past, which only emphasizes reform and does not pay enough attention to the principles and methods of reform. So, what is the "three characteristics" of the reform method? Why should we emphasize that the reform should pay attention to the "three characteristics"? How to realize the "three characteristics" in the reform? How to embody the "three characteristics" in the rural reform? Based on the investigation of several rural reform pilot areas in China, this paper gives preliminary answers to these questions. The rest of the article is arranged as follows: the second part explains why we should pay attention to the "three characteristics" reform method from both theoretical logic and realistic logic; the third part takes the reform "three characteristics" method as the analytical framework to analyze several problems that need to be solved in the rural reform experiment; the fourth part puts forward some thoughts and suggestions to improve the rural reform experiment from the perspective of paying attention to the "three characteristics" of reform. Reasons for 2. Paying Attention to the Principle and Method of "Three-character" Reform why should we pay attention to the principle and method of "three characteristics" in comprehensively deepening reform? The understanding of this problem can be carried out from two levels of theoretical logic and practical needs. (I) theory logic 1. Systematicness is the philosophical basis for comprehensively deepening reform. Materialist dialectics holds that everything in the world is in universal connection, and the whole world is a unity composed of various things. Comprehensively deepening reform is a grand social system project, and we must adhere to systematic thinking. It is necessary to control and grasp the direction and main line of reform in system design, and handle the relationship between point and surface, local and overall, innovative exploration and top-level design. 2. Integrity is the endogenous logic of comprehensively deepening reform. Integrity is the internal logic of the development of objective things and the basic attribute of the system. This attribute requires that the understanding of things must adhere to the principle of the integrity of the system, and any problem must be dealt with from the integrity of the problem-not only to clarify the system composition, but also to clarify the relationship between the various components of the system# Any intervention (reform measure) imposed on this system must be compatible with the system composition and its interrelationship. Only in this way can the overall effect of the intervention be highlighted. 3. Synergy is an inevitable requirement for comprehensively deepening reform. Reform involves all aspects. The deeper the reform, the more relevant and dependent the reform in the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, party building, military and national defense construction (51) will be, and the reform in any field may affect other fields. In order to make the reform more successful and thorough, it is required that reforms in other areas should be coordinated and coordinated with each other. At the same time, the reform tasks are numerous and complicated, and it is impossible to achieve them overnight. It is necessary to advance as a whole, make breakthroughs in key points, and implement them step by step. Synergy requires that the process of reform should "continue in time and coexist in space". Reforms in the five major fields and partial reforms within the five major fields cannot be fully promoted at one point in time. Therefore, reforms should be inherited and connected from each other in time, and should cooperate and support each other in space.# Reform is a process with a starting point and no end point, and is always on the road, in the process of coordinated promotion, we should control the timing and rhythm of reform, stimulate the vitality of all subjects, and make the reform of all links and fields form a joint force and positive interaction. (II) realistic needs starting from reality, it is also of great significance to pay attention to the comprehensive deepening reform of the "three characteristics. 1. Focusing on the "three characteristics" is the result of reflecting on the ways and means of previous reforms. In the past, there were many reform practices and various ways, but on the whole, there were two main characteristics: one was crossing the river by feeling the stones, and the other was that one-way local breakthroughs were more than the overall and coordinated advancement of the system. The current reform is to tackle tough problems. It is to gnaw hard bones. It is to sink deep water. It is difficult to touch a stone. It is also difficult to judge whether it is touching a stone. At the same time, the relationship between the various fields involved in the reform is closer, and it is more "pulling one hair and moving the whole body". Therefore, the reform of treating the head with headache and foot pain is no longer feasible. It is necessary to change the reform of "traditional Chinese medicine" by "western medicine" focusing on "three characteristics. The emphasis on the "three characteristics" in the reform is the result of reflecting on the methods and methods of previous reforms, and it is the embodiment of the party and the government's good at summing up experience, "the courage to correct mistakes, and continuous self-improvement. 2. Paying attention to the "three characteristics" is an inevitable requirement for solving major practical problems and avoiding the shortcomings of previous reforms. There is no need to repeat the achievements of previous reforms, but crossing the river by feeling the stones and the rapid reform of individual soldiers have also produced many problems that the people are extremely dissatisfied with-the increasing disparity between the rich and the poor, the high incidence of corruption, the continuous deterioration of the environment, and the insufficient protection of people's livelihood. Wait, this kind of reform deviates from the Pareto-type characteristics of the reform. These problems brought about by the past reform should be solved by deepening the reform. Furthermore, to ensure that the comprehensive deepening of reforms does not repeat the situation that "there may be more problems than solved" in the past reforms, and to achieve the goal of Pareto improved reforms, the only way to focus on the "three characteristics". 3. Paying attention to the "three characteristics" is the means and support to achieve the goal of comprehensively deepening reform. The Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee (the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on several major issues of comprehensively deepening reform) proposed that the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform is to improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics; promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities. This goal itself is strategic and thus reflects the "three characteristics. At the same time, it is also proposed to speed up the development of the "five-in-one" strategic new layout of socialist market economy, democratic politics, advanced culture, harmonious society, and ecological civilization, and the substantial promotion of this "five-in-one" strategic new layout depends on reform. rely on systematic, holistic and coordinated reform! 4. Paying attention to the "three characteristics" is the fundamental guarantee for realizing scientific development and realizing the Chinese dream of the comprehensive rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Reform is not an end in itself, but a means. Reform should realize its transformation from instrumental rationality to value rationality -- the purpose of comprehensively deepening reform is to realize scientific development and realize the Chinese dream of the comprehensive rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. What is the state of scientific development? Everyone may have their own understanding of this. There is a saying in the resolution of the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, that is, "let the vitality of all labor, knowledge, technology, management, and capital burst out, let all sources of social wealth flow fully, and let the fruits of development benefit all the people more and more equitably". It is conceivable that if these "three quests" are realized, will we be far from the essence of socialism with Chinese characteristics, "people-oriented, common prosperity and social justice? In short, no matter from the theoretical logic of reform or the practical needs, comprehensively deepening reform must pay attention to the "three characteristics". Only by paying attention to the "three characteristics" can we achieve scientific development and truly "improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics; promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity". Some Notable Problems in the Pilot Rural Reform in 3. Rural reform is an important part of comprehensively deepening reform. In designing the content, methods and steps of rural reform, we must also strengthen and pay attention to the "three characteristics". At the same time, experimenting first is the successful experience of my country's rural reform, and it is necessary to highlight the first trial in the comprehensive deepening of reforms. Recently, the author has the opportunity to investigate and evaluate the new round of rural reform experiments led by the leaders of the Central Village Work Leading Group in December 2011 and led by the Ministry of Agriculture. From the perspective of focusing on the "three characteristics" of reform, the following issues deserve attention. Relevance and synergy among rural reforms in (I) many reforms are related, and whether the reform measures can achieve the expected results depends to a large extent on the matching situation of the relevant "synergy reform. In recent years, a typical case of the relevance and synergy of rural reform is that people are generally concerned about the mortgage loan of collective construction land such as agricultural land and rural homestead. In fact, this is a systematic and highly synergistic problem. Rural land mortgage first involves the integrity of agricultural land and construction land rights, and secondly involves the legal qualification of whether it can be mortgaged. Even if these obstacles are gone, it will eventually involve whether a land capital can be cashed and settled in the market. Therefore, the existence of a fully functional and realizable land transaction market is necessary. Otherwise, if the bank cannot realize the mortgaged land, the bank's enthusiasm cannot be too high. Now academic research, policy discussions, reform experiments, etc., pay much more attention to the first two than to the settlement of the bank mortgage land market. The experiment of the reform of the management system and mechanism of innovative agricultural support funds in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, illustrates the importance of the relevance and synergy between various rural reforms from both positive and negative aspects. Bijie is a typical poverty-stricken area. Since the reform and opening up, the higher-level departments have provided a large amount of financial support for agriculture in Bijie. However, due to the imperfect system and mechanism of financial support for agriculture, the limited financial support for agriculture has not been maximized. Benefit, it is even more difficult to play the leading role of "four or two allocations. In view of this situation, the theme of Bijie's rural reform experiment is to innovate the management system and mechanism of financial support for agriculture, and to explore the fund integration mechanism with project integration to avoid institutional obstacles as the core. There are certain conditions for whether this approach can achieve results: first, there must be strong organizational leadership. Otherwise, it is impossible to have a unified, coordinated and complementary project declaration at the county level. The second is to have scientific planning to lead. Otherwise, the more funds are integrated, the greater the waste may result. Third, there should be a fund supervision mechanism to support the integrated use of# funds, the effectiveness of departmental supervision will be reduced, thus requiring new supervision to supplement and replace the original supervision measures. In order to solve these possible problems, Bijie City has carried out a number of supporting reform measures. First, do the planning. Bijie Experimental Zone adopts planning first to plan and determine projects. The establishment of a project library starts from the source of budgeting and realizes fund integration through project integration, thus avoiding institutional obstacles. Second, pay attention to the participation of farmers in the implementation of the project. The construction of small rural infrastructure such as Lianhu Road and Yuanba cement hardening does not engage in bidding, but allows farmers to do it themselves, which not only ensures the quality of work, but also promotes the increase of farmers' employment and income, and can also solve the problem of insufficient project funds. In a broader sense, this approach also provides a carrier for promoting rural democratization, mobilizing farmers to participate in community public affairs, and improving rural governance. Third, the establishment of a fund supervision mechanism# Department project funds have relatively standardized application "approval, supervision, acceptance procedures. After the integration of project funds of various departments, whether the safety of funds can be guaranteed is an important issue facing the integration of funds. In terms of fund supervision, Bijie Experimental Zone has innovated new ways of fund supervision, ensured the safety of funds, and formed a relatively mature and innovative experience. In the supervision of agricultural support projects, strengthen the supervision, inspection and audit of the establishment, use, management, project management and protection of agricultural project funds, encourage supervision from all walks of life, and build financial and industry supervision "audit supervision, social supervision, and discipline inspection supervision A multi-level and all-round supervision and inspection system for agricultural support projects with the participation of all parties, including counties (districts), townships (towns), villages and groups. In particular, Bijie City has set up a special supervision group for people's livelihood projects in villages and towns, a supervision committee for people's livelihood work in villages, and a supervision group for people's livelihood work in villagers' groups, thus realizing the forward and downward shift of the focus of supervision over funds for supporting agriculture projects. In the form of supervision, the establishment of the "agricultural capital consensus network" network supervision platform, SMS notification platform, telephone inquiry platform, public announcement column five complementary supervision carriers# survey found that Bijie City attaches great importance to the reform of the "three characteristics" of the working method has produced good results, the infrastructure in some areas has been significantly improved in a relatively short period of time, farmers' income has been greatly improved. However, the reform of the Bijie Experimental Zone is a partial exploration under the condition that the fragmentation of financial funds for supporting agriculture has not changed. At present, there are many management departments for supporting agriculture projects in China, many channels for fund allocation, inconsistent project application time, and different acceptance methods for projects. A considerable part of the funds for supporting agriculture are still used in a scattered way. This limitation of reform illustrates the importance of focusing on the "three-sex" approach to reform in another way. The relationship between the direct effect of (II) reform and the overall effect and potential impact the effect and impact of any reform initiative are multifaceted. According to the "three characteristics" reform method, we should not only pay attention to the direct effect of the reform, but also attach great importance to the long-term effect and potential impact of the reform. However, some rural reform pilot areas do not pay enough attention to the overall effect and impact of the reform, resulting in the situation that "there may be more new problems than solved problems" as mentioned above. Taking the urban-rural integration system construction experiment in Xinxiang City, Henan Province as an example, the city regards the construction of new rural communities as the integration point of overall urban and rural development, the entry point of promoting urban-rural integration, and the growth point of promoting rural development. The principle of "voluntary, industry-based, employment-oriented, livelihood first, and acting according to one's ability" integrates the planning of 3571 administrative villages in the city into 900 communities. By the end of 2014, the city had started the construction of 352 new rural communities, completed all kinds of capital investment of 38.96 billion yuan, completed the construction of houses) 39.196 million square meters, and occupied 142000 households. The survey found that the exploration of Xinxiang City has produced many positive effects, such as the conservation and utilization of rural land resources, the living and living conditions of farmers have been significantly improved in a relatively short period of time, and the efficiency of government public resources investment has been improved, and so on. However, this kind of exploration also triggers a series of joint and chain effects that deserve attention. The capacity for sustainable rural development is weakened. After the merger of villages, the right to development of agricultural land was weakened due to the conversion of rural land into construction land for development and utilization. In the village renovation through the linkage of land increase and decrease and "human-land linkage", the vacated construction land needs to be re-cultivated, and some of it is also classified as permanent basic farmland, and collectives and farmers have lost the space to develop non-agricultural industries. Even in those villages that are not linked to land increase or decrease, most of the construction land vacated by them is used by enterprises for development. The forms of development include building houses for sale, using surplus construction land indicators to develop non-agricultural industries, etc. Collective and farmers still have no space to develop non-agricultural industries. 2. The livelihood security of farmers is threatened# The merger of villages has disintegrated the traditional livelihood model of farmers. First, village mergers are often accompanied by the transfer of land to new agricultural business entities, and the function of land to provide farmers with employment and old-age security is further weakened. Second, the offspring of farmers will no longer enjoy the free use of homestead. Third, the commercialization of farmers' lifestyles has increased the cost of living. Fourth, the living environment of farmers is no longer a society of acquaintances, and the mechanism of mutual aid among villagers has weakened. A potential threat to food security. Xinxiang City is a national commodity grain base, a high-quality wheat production base and a grain and livestock product production and processing base in Henan Province. Innovating the mechanism of food security, cultivated land protection and land intensive and economical use is an important experimental content of Xinxiang experimental area. At the practical level, Xinxiang City tries to ensure the output rate of arable land by strengthening the construction of high-standard grain fields and innovating agricultural management mechanisms; through comprehensive land improvement and exploring the policy of linking people to land, solve the contradiction between agriculture, industry and urban land, so as to ensure the amount of arable land. However, this logical and reasonable reform idea has encountered challenges in practice. Whether it is the "increase or decrease link" of urban and rural construction land, the comprehensive improvement of land, or the "link between people and land", the vast majority or even all farmers in a village are required to complete the demolition of old and new buildings in a relatively short period of time, so as to ensure the increase of cultivated land quantity and the increase of urban construction land index through the reclamation of old villages. However, there is a general difference in the willingness of farmers to demolish the old and build new ones in the village renovation. Differences in family economic status, population size and structure, nature and location of employment, quality, area and location of old houses will affect farmers' willingness to participate in demolishing old and building new ones. If some farmers are unwilling to demolish the old and build new ones, the old villages will be difficult to reclaim, and the amount of arable land will not increase but will face the risk of reduction. Moreover, concentrated residence has accelerated the transfer of farmers' contracted land to companies and large producers. However, the planting structure after the transfer of rural land presents the phenomenon of non-agricultural and non-grain, and the risk of food security is further highlighted. (III) existing policies and laws and coordination between different laws reform and innovation must undoubtedly conform to existing policies, laws, and regulations, but policies, laws, and regulations are always lagging behind. At the same time, there are inconsistencies between national policies, between policies and laws, and between various laws. The survey found that the above situation hindered the smooth progress of rural reform experiments. Taking the reform of rural collective property rights system as an example, the lag of law has become an important obstacle to the reform of rural collective property rights system. For example, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee (decision) proposed: "Stabilize the rural land contract relationship and maintain long-term unchanged"! Is the long-term immutability of the land contractual relationship equivalent to the long-term immutability of the land contractual management right? When Chengdu carried out the experiment of urban-rural integration, it proposed that farmers who are members of rural collective economic organizations should be given the right to confirm and issue iron evidence for rural collective land and other resource assets. With regard to compensation for land expropriation, the Chengdu government adopts the policy of "who is expropriated and who is compensated. However, in the distribution of land acquisition compensation income, there is the problem of the invalidation of farmers' land confirmation rights, and some farmers are required to divide the compensation among all members of the collective economic organization according to the existing legal requirements, so that the interest demands can be realized. The Beijing Municipal Government also stipulates that "when land acquisition for national construction is encountered, whether it is land compensation for farmers' contracted land, villagers' homesteads, collective construction land, etc., it shall be distributed equally or equally according to the members of the collective economic organization when the land acquisition plan is determined. Quantify". This situation actually reflects the contradiction between laws and the contradiction between laws and policies. (Property Law) Article 59 stipulates that the real and movable property owned by farmers collectively belongs to the collective members; (Rural Land Contract Law) Article 5 also stipulates the rights of members. The above-mentioned legal provisions relate to the farmers' right to membership of agricultural land, which implies that! The idea of "natural land rights" is an individual right that dies with the departure or death of a member. The Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee (decision) proposed: "Give farmers more adequate and secure land contractual management rights, and the existing land contracting relationship must remain stable and unchanged for a long time"! Article 26 of the (Rural Land Contract Law) stipulates: "During the contract period, the employer shall not take back the contracted land!" Article 27 states: "During the contract period, the contractor shall not adjust the contracted land!" Article 32 stipulates: "The right to land contractual management obtained through family contracting may be transferred by subletting, exchange, transfer or other means in accordance with the law! "The above-mentioned legal provisions relate to farmers' usufruct rights over agricultural land, which implies the principle of property rights that life does not increase and death does not decrease. In practice, individual rights and property rights are bound to conflict, and the claims of both rights can find a legal basis. For another example, in the reform of the rural collective property rights system to protect the rights and interests of women, especially married women, there are also contradictions and conflicts between laws. Article 32 of the newly revised (Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests) in 2005 stipulates that women enjoy equality with men in the management of rural contracted land, the distribution of income from collective economic organizations, the use of compensation for land acquisition or acquisition, and the use of homesteads. Rights; Article 33 stipulates that no organization or individual may infringe on women's rights in rural collective economic organizations on the grounds that women are unmarried, married, divorced, divorced, or widowed. However, China's (villagers' committee autonomy law) provides for villagers' self-determination, which can be passed with the consent of more than 2/3 villagers in making decisions on village affairs. Although Article 20 (Law of Villagers' Committee Autonomy) stipulates that the articles of villagers' autonomy, village rules and regulations, and matters discussed and decided by villagers' meetings or village representatives shall not conflict with the Constitution, laws, regulations and national policies, and shall not infringe upon the contents of villagers' personal rights, democratic rights and legitimate property rights, it does not stipulate how to review the articles of autonomy and village rules and regulations formulated by villagers, how to correct the provisions in the village rules and regulations that violate the law. This situation has led villagers in many places to deprive "married women" of their legitimate rights and interests on the grounds that the state implements villager autonomy, ignoring the basic national policy of equality between men and women and the provisions of the (Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and interests). The Relationship between (IV) Unified Guidance and Local-oriented the reform method of focusing on the "three characteristics" requires that the relationship between the central and local governments be handled well in the experimental work of rural reform. In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of the local government, the rural reform pilot area has adopted the implementation method of "unified guidance. However, the main leaders and work ideas in some places have the problem of poor stability and continuity. In some places, reform experiments have changed with the main leaders and their work ideas, making it difficult to carry out normally. The assessment found that some places simply abandoned some of the original set of test subjects and test content. For example, the experimental contents of Xinxiang Experimental Zone are four: coordinated development of urbanization and new rural construction, food security and intensive and economical use of land, reform of rural property rights system, and social management system integrating urban and rural areas. However, after the start of the experiment, Henan Province and Xinxiang City have strongly promoted the construction of new rural communities, taking the construction of new rural communities as the entry point for the overall planning of urban and rural development and the integration of urban and rural areas. In this case, the reform experiment of Xinxiang experimental area revolves around how to establish a new type of rural community. In some places, selective and responsive reform experiments are adopted, that is, "pilot projects" are carried out within their jurisdiction, while the scope of the pilot projects is very small, even limited to a certain administrative village. Thoughts and Suggestions on 4. Improving Rural Reform Experiment the relevance and synergy between (I) and rural reforms should be well matched. In order to solve the problem of the relevance and coordination of various reform measures in the reform experiment and the serious fragmentation phenomenon in the reform experiment pilot, the measures that can be selected are: first, strengthen the research on the relevance of various reforms, and clarify which reforms are strong and which are weak. Second, when determining the test theme and content of the test area, fully consider the preliminary basis of the test area and the completion of other reforms that are strongly related to the test theme and content. Third, we should encourage the rural reform pilot areas to include the reform experiments in various fields in rural areas, especially the reform items put forward by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, into the pilot areas as far as possible, so as to facilitate the coordinated promotion of various reforms and give full play to the comprehensive effects of the experimental areas. The direct effect of the (II) reform experiment needs to be well balanced with the overall effect and potential impact. Reform is a means, not an end. Whether the reform achieves its goal should not only look at its direct benefits, but also its possible negative effects and potential impacts. In order to take into account the relationship between the direct effect of the reform experiment and the overall effect and potential impact, the key measure is to build an evaluation system, carry out the ex post evaluation of the reform effect in time, and revise and adjust the reform path and content in time according to the evaluation results. In order to implement the "three characteristics" of the reform, it is necessary to introduce a lifelong system of decision-making accountability to prevent blind and unscientific decision-making. The relationship between (III) reform experiments and existing policies and laws needs to be addressed reform and innovation must undoubtedly conform to existing policies, laws, and regulations, but policies, laws, and regulations are always lagging behind. Reform and innovation will inevitably have an impact on certain systems and even some lower-level laws. The important purpose of the reform experiment is to upgrade the correct measures that have been tested in practice at the bottom to policies, laws, and regulations, and to institutionalize the results of the reform experiment. The central government has clearly pointed out that the rural reform pilot area is allowed to break through certain policies and systems in accordance with the law during the experiment. However, due to the lack of clear regulations on the content and degree of breakthroughs, some local reforms and innovations are not active enough, and they always try to circumvent policies and laws instead of choosing breakthroughs and innovations. It should be said that this choice of the experimental area is normal and rational, but the value and effect of the reform have been reduced accordingly. In view of the possible contradictions between reform experiments and policies, laws and regulations, we believe that as long as the general direction of reform in the pilot area is consistent with the spirit of socialist legislation and grasp the direction, we can boldly explore. In order to further stimulate the innovative spirit at the grass-roots level, the following measures are proposed: first, the relevant departments of the central government allow approved pilot projects to break through the policies and systems in relevant fields, and make a specific list of the contents and scope that can be broken through. Second, the central government has clearly given the rural reform pilot area the "right to trial and error". The test is not equal to demonstration, and the results of the test include confirmation and falsification. The test is successful and can be promoted as a demonstration experience. Even if the test fails, it is meaningful and can provide reference for other places to avoid detours. Third, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress agrees that the pilot area will not implement the relevant provisions of the relevant laws that are not conducive to the theme and content of the reform during the trial period. Fourth, strengthen the communication between the relevant central departments and the experimental areas, and make a normative summary and affirmation of the innovations and breakthroughs at the grass-roots level. The relationship between (IV) unified guidance and local-oriented needs to be well coordinated. In order to coordinate the relationship between unified guidance and local-based work in the rural reform experiment, we suggest that more attention should be paid to the leadership and guidance of the central level to the work of the experimental area to ensure the stability of the reform experiment. First, when selecting the rural reform pilot area and the test content, consider the comprehensive factors such as the reform motivation of the test area, the early foundation, and the degree of dependence of the test content on leadership changes, and do a good job in the risk assessment of the continuity and stability of the test content. Second, the place applying for the test area should clearly promise the stability, continuity, balance in spatial layout and replicability of the test work during the test period. Third, during the implementation of the test, the relevant central departments should track, manage, monitor and inspect the test projects throughout the process. References: [1] Xinhua News Agency commentator. Enhancing the Systematic and Overall Synergy of Reform-Learning from General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Speech on Guangdong Inspection [EB/OL]. Xinhua, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/xhsplywz.htm. [2] Xi Jinping stressed during his visit to Guangdong: to enhance the systematic and overall coordination of reform so that reform will not stop and opening up will not stop [EB/OL]. China Net, 2012-12-17. [3] Xi Jinping emphasized during the second collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee: Deepen reforms with greater political courage and wisdom [EB/OL]. Xinhua, 2013-01-01. [4] Xu Xiujuan, Zhou Ruifeng. How to Understand the Systematicness, Integrity and Synergy of Comprehensively Deepening Reform [J]. Xue Zhou, 2014,(11). [5] Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues of Comprehensively Deepening Reform [EB/OL]. Xinhua, 2013-11-15. (Author: Institute of Rural Development, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) china Rural Discovery Network from: "Theoretical Discussion" 2015 Issue 02. Responsible editor: Zhai Tianchang.
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Four from the two sessions three open_is an effective form of rural managementRelease date: January 22, 2015 | Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Strategic Research on Strengthening the Basic Position of Agriculture and Ensuring National Food SecurityRelease date: May 28, 2015 | Editor: Zhai TianchangCAJ
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National Food Security in the New Era Must Meet New ChallengesChina has to use less than one-tenth of the world's arable land to feed more than 1/5 of the world's population. This special national condition determines that food security in China should be far more important than any other country in the world. From a domestic perspective, although China's agriculture is in the best period of development in history, and the total grain output has achieved nine consecutive increases, the demand for food has increased rigidly in the process of industrialization and urbanization, and food security is facing the challenge of increasing resource and environmental constraints. From an international point of view, the food crisis has caused social unrest in some countries and regions from time to time. Under the background of informatization, food, like oil and currency, has become a strategic weapon for a country to restrict other countries. The strategic position of the foundation of the national economy and increasing international competitiveness is even more unshakable. National Food Security Strategy in the New Era Needs New Understanding food security is the overriding national strategic bottom line. In any era, food is the main body of human food, and adequate food is the premise of social stability, people's health and economic development. Once a global power with a population of more than one billion is seriously short of food, it will not only be a disaster for China, but also a disaster for the world. In the world food crisis, powerful countries often use food to seek special political and economic interests. In the 1970 s, former US Secretary of State Kissinger declared: "whoever controls food controls all people" when looking at the long-term goals of US geopolitics ". Under the background of informatization and global economic integration, the generation mechanism, generation mode and generation effect of world food competitiveness are constantly innovating. China's food security is not only a fundamental issue related to the national economy, people's livelihood and social and political stability, but also the primary issue of national economic development strategy, national security strategy and international competition strategy, and the overriding national strategic bottom line. Food security is the basis for the development of strategic emerging industries. At present, the fourth technological revolution led by new energy and biotechnology is gestating and developing. The United States and other developed countries are vigorously developing biotechnology and related industries, aiming to lead the world from the era of knowledge economy to the era of biological economy, and seek to control the world The right to speak in the agricultural product market. China has listed new energy industry and biological industry as strategic emerging industries, and the total output value of biological industry was close to 2 trillion yuan in 2011. As one of the basic industries of new energy industry and biological industry, grain industry is not only an important carrier of biotechnology, but also a raw material source of biological medicine, biological industry and biomass energy. Therefore, if China's food security is not effectively guaranteed, the country's strategic emerging industries will lose the foundation for development. Grain production efficiency is the core issue to ensure food security. There are many problems that need to be solved to ensure national food security, and the core is to solve the problem of food production efficiency. With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the rural young and middle-aged labor force continues to work in cities, the number of "hollow villages" is increasing, and the phenomenon of cultivated land abandonment is becoming more and more serious. "Who will farm the land" has become an unavoidable serious problem of national food security. Under the condition of market economy, the core of determining "who will farm the land" and the enthusiasm of grain production is the benefit of grain production, but in reality, the gap between income from grain production and non-grain income and non-agricultural income is getting bigger and bigger, and the benefit of grain production is getting lower and lower. If the efficiency of food production is low, food security, as the most important national security strategy, cannot be fundamentally guaranteed. Therefore, the problem of food production enthusiasm must rely on production efficiency to be effectively resolved. National food security strategy faces new challenges in the new era food supply is facing the dual pressure of population and social development rigid demand. According to forecasts by relevant departments, by 2050, China's population will grow to about 1.5 billion, exceeding the total population of developed countries at that time. The demand for grain is about 0.78 billion tons and the demand for meat is about 0.12 billion tons. With the acceleration of industrialization and the continuous expansion of the industrial use of grain, the demand for grain in pharmaceutical, chemical, bioenergy and other industries will increase significantly. China's urbanization rate will exceed 60% in 2020, which means that more than 0.1 billion million people will be transferred from rural areas to cities and towns, from producers of agricultural products to pure consumers, and the growth of food consumption is inevitable. With the improvement of people's living standards and the improvement of dietary structure, the growth of feed grain and processed food grain will also show a rigid growth, and the indirect consumption of grain will continue to accelerate. The grain production capacity is facing the dual pressure of resource and environmental constraints. As a national condition that cannot be changed, China's per capita agricultural resources are far below the world average. With the accelerating pace of industrialization and urbanization, the competition between agriculture and industry, rural areas and cities for cultivated land, water resources, human resources and other resource elements is becoming increasingly fierce. At the same time, the agricultural development supported by the expansion of resource elements has brought a series of problems, such as resource destruction, environmental pollution, soil erosion, land desertification and so on. "White pollution" has become a major disaster in rural areas. Water pollution and land desertification are becoming more and more serious, which restricts the sustainable development of food production. The impact of climate change on food production has become increasingly prominent. According to estimates by the National Meteorological Administration, droughts and floods caused by national warming threaten the stability of China's food production, and extreme weather may cause 10%-20% of China's food losses; global warming As a result of increased droughts, floods, diseases and insect pests, the fluctuation range of China's food production may expand to 30%-50%. The grain market is facing the dual pressure of domestic and international competition. In today's world, agricultural powers such as Europe and the United States occupy a dominant position in the field of agricultural biotechnology. In particular, the "four major grain merchants" of global agricultural multinational companies have strengthened the layout of the "whole industry chain" of global grain sources, logistics, trade, processing and sales. It has not only controlled 80% of the global grain trade, but also controlled 70% of the global oilseed trade, and is gradually increasing the intensity and speed of entering the Chinese grain market. The competitiveness of agricultural products in emerging economies such as Brazil and India has also increased significantly, and the competition for countries around the world to seize the right to speak in the food market has become more intense. At the same time, with the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the competition between the grain industry and other domestic agricultural industries and non-agricultural industries for cultivated land, water resources and market is becoming increasingly fierce. Affected by the low comparative benefit of grain, the market competitiveness of grain has been seriously restricted. New Countermeasures for National Food Security Strategy in the New Period the shift from local food security to global national security. Judging from the situation after the world food crisis, a world economic war without gunpowder has been launched between different economies, and food has become one of the important strategic trump cards. Food has gone beyond the scope of food in the game of economic globalization. It is no longer a pure trade product in the segmented market, but a bargaining chip in the international economic game and a weapon in the world economic war. From a strategic perspective, sustained food productivity is the ability to develop "nuclear weapons" in the world economic war. If you have the dominant position in the world food market, you will have the dominance of the world economic system. Therefore, food security not only seriously affects economic security such as currency, energy and industry, but also relates to national security at the military and political levels. National food security must be incorporated into China's overall development strategy at the height of global strategy. Shift from passive to active food security. For a long time, China's food security has been in a state of passive protection and defense with the goal of solving the basic supply. As a traditional agricultural country and a major food producer in the world, China basically has no right to speak in the world agricultural product market, and large-country agriculture has become "ration agriculture". As a major food producer in the world, we must not only firmly grasp the initiative of the "grain bag", so that the country's food security is always in an active position, but also must improve its competitiveness in the world food market to strengthen domestic food security. Only by forming a strong grain production capacity, low-cost production advantages, high-tech and information-based support capabilities, and a sound market control mechanism, can we ensure that we are always in an active position in the ever-changing international grain market. From simple food security to enhance the country's comprehensive competitiveness. Grain production is not a strategic industry that can drive the rapid growth of China's total economic output, but the comprehensive grain production capacity inherently affects and even determines China's global strategy. At present, China is in a critical period of economic transformation, and the largest market for expanding domestic demand is in rural areas. Only by improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and grain market competitiveness, and comprehensively increasing farmers' income, can we stimulate the vast rural market demand, promote the smooth transformation of China's export-oriented economy to an inward-oriented economy, and comprehensively improve the country's core competitiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to elevate agriculture to a strategic industry of the entire country, and incorporate the improvement of food competitiveness into the strategy of enhancing the country's global competitiveness, from agricultural infrastructure, agricultural technology progress, agricultural informatization, agricultural systems and mechanisms, and agricultural services., Agricultural laws and policies, agricultural ecological environmental protection, agricultural industry development, agricultural business entities and agricultural sustainable development mechanisms, etc., to build a series of policy systems that strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers, through material input, technological progress, institutional innovation and the improvement of the market system, we will comprehensively strengthen the basic position of agriculture, enhance the comprehensive grain production capacity and market competitiveness, and ensure national food security. and shift from emphasizing increasing grain production to simultaneously promoting farmers 'income. As a basic public product, the government has adopted a variety of policies to benefit farmers, but the enthusiasm for grain production has not been well mobilized, which is related to the unity of grain production and farmers' income. Today's farmers are no longer rural labor in the traditional sense, but market entities that compete fairly in a market economy. At the same time, in addition to fair and reasonable income expectations, the same input also has fair and reasonable development expectations. If other input income far exceeds the income of grain production, farmers will lose their enthusiasm for grain production. Therefore, to ensure food security as a major national strategy, the premise is to ensure that farmers can get comparative benefits from food production. While implementing the effective financial subsidy policy, we should make more use of market means to activate the driving force of farmers engaged in grain production, give full play to the inducing role of price signals, promote the allocation of resource elements to rural areas, accelerate the process of agricultural modernization, and form a long-term mechanism to mobilize the enthusiasm of grain production. Time: May 27, 2013 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Zhu Xinkai: Agriculture should not bear too much responsibility for inflationAbstract: Starting from the objective understanding of China's macroeconomic phenomena, this paper analyzes the serious consequences of the excessive weight of food prices in the composition of CPI in China, and points out that reducing the weight of food prices in the composition of CPI, perfecting the statistical structure of CPI, and publishing the CPI index and the "core CPI" index can effectively avoid the macroeconomic policy being misled by CPI. This paper puts forward some suggestions to correctly understand the price fluctuation of agricultural products, formulate sound and comprehensive agricultural regulation and control policies, and ensure the long-term stable and healthy development of China's agriculture.CAJ
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Zhu Xinkai: Reform of the Agricultural Major System from the Perspective of the Whole Food ChainTitle: Re-understanding Agriculture former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once said: Whoever controls oil controls all countries, and whoever controls food controls all mankind. This is not only a high degree of understanding, but also a strategic thinking. In China, most people do not have a deep understanding of agriculture. I have been calling on the whole society to re-understand agriculture, because this is the foundation of China's sustainable development. Versatility of the eternal charm of the industry over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, although we have repeatedly stressed the importance of agriculture and rural work, there is no doubt that with economic development and social progress, the whole society has shown a growing "separation from agriculture" complex. The relatively low efficiency of agriculture and its basic status of social and economic development determine that "leaving agriculture" means "leaving poverty". The huge difference in identity-related interests between urban and rural areas determines "leaving agriculture" and also means "leaving the identity of farmers". These are the most rational choices, which are understandable. However, when this complex of "leaving agriculture" and "ignorance of agriculture" are deeply rooted in the brains of more and more people and have an impact on the whole society, this complex of "leaving agriculture" will inevitably be alienated into the blind exclusion of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", which leads to our economic development and social progress going astray. Agriculture is a set of technology, economy, politics and national security in one, accompanied and supported the entire history of human evolution, and with the development and progress of society, more and more functional eternal charm industry. When urbanization in the real sense is completed, "farmers" will not only be "agricultural practitioners", and "agricultural practitioners" will not only be the initial producers of agricultural products, but also the innovators of agricultural added value and the builders of agricultural-related industrial value chains. "Countryside" will evolve into "small towns", "micro towns" and "large-scale farms". They are even more competitive than cities in their living environment. "Counter-urbanization" is the most typical example. by that time, the concept of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" will naturally disappear, but agriculture will still be an eternal industry. If we cannot understand agriculture from this concept, dealing with international competition in the 21st century will only be empty talk. The strategic position of agriculture we can also learn from other countries. The United States has long been separated from the agricultural society and is a developed industrial country. However, the largest federal government department in the United States, except for the Pentagon, the Department of Defense is the Department of Agriculture. The weapons that the United States controls and attacks the world are not nuclear weapons at all, but agricultural products. Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once said that whoever controls oil controls all countries, and whoever controls food controls all mankind. This is not only a high degree of understanding, but also a strategic thinking. This kind of thinking is even more necessary for a big country that must put its job in its own hands. The top-level design of agriculture and food management from the perspective of the "whole food chain" is a common experience in developed countries. The so-called "whole food chain" emphasizes the management of the whole chain from the field to the table, and it is not only limited to food security, but also emphasizes food security. At present, my country does not have a national-level and systematic food security system and strategy. Combined with the reality of our country, food safety should be defined as "ensuring that people can obtain sufficient, high-quality, nutritious and reasonable food supply through appropriate channels at any time to meet people's food needs for survival and health". To achieve food security in the current complex domestic and international environment, it is necessary to establish a supply and demand control system for all kinds of food under the premise of ensuring food supply. problems and challenges however, the current top-level design of China's agriculture and food management is actually based on the division and division of food as a chain, and the management functions of agriculture and food have been dispersed to a number of non-agricultural sectors. There are as many as a dozen ministries and commissions involved in agricultural functions in China. Compared with developed countries, my country's current agricultural administrative management system is divided into departments, independent, unclear tasks, decentralized management, inconsistent tasks and methods, and competing for favorable things between departments, and shirking each other for unprofitable things. If something happens, everyone will work together. If something goes wrong, no one will be responsible. It is difficult to resolve contradictions through consultation between departments. A large number of contradictions can only be handed over to the State Council. The leaders of the State Council are busy with coordination, which leads to higher decision-making costs and lower decision-making efficiency, making it more difficult to implement government orders. Departmental interests also permeate the formulation of policies and laws, resulting in the introduction of policies and laws with a lot of wrangling, difficulties and a long time. After the introduction, there is no specific department to supervise the implementation, which can not achieve the desired effect. The formation of this system has its historical reasons, and the relevant reforms need to be further deepened. The slower we reform, the further down the wrong path. In recent years, the persistent inefficiency of agricultural investment is the most classic "endorsement" of the separation of top-level agricultural and food management functions ". China's current attitude towards agriculture can actually be interpreted as "attaching importance to agricultural policies and despising the agricultural sector; attaching importance to agricultural funds and despising investment efficiency", if the efficiency of agricultural investment is always low, even if there is a substantial increase in annual agricultural funds, what is the point? The experience of developed countries tells us that agriculture is an industry with strong industrial attributes, and its functions are not suitable for being dispersed in various other non-agricultural sectors. Therefore, the reform of the major ministries of agriculture is the fundamental solution to all problems including food security, food safety, agricultural efficiency, and farmers' income. From the top-level design point of view, we are currently divided into departments with grain as the chain. From the perspective of policy implementation, we are still a policy system that emphasizes traditional food security. In theory, the realization of food security has three stages, the first stage of food security is quantity guarantee, the second stage of food security is quality guarantee, the third stage of food security is to emphasize the protection of food nutrition and meet the preferences of consumers. At present, China is in the process of transition from the second stage to the third stage. Therefore, it is an important prerequisite for the reform of agriculture and food system to adjust the traditional food security strategy to food security strategy. In short, the top-level design of the management system of agriculture and food industry from the height of food safety, so that all related functions of agriculture can be returned to the management departments of agriculture and food industry, and the reform of agricultural super-ministry system from the perspective of "whole food chain" is the biggest issue facing China's agricultural and rural reform, and it is also one of the most urgent tasks. Source: China Rural Discovery | Time: January 18, 2016 | Responsible Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Central Document No. 1 Released as a Window to Observe the Development Direction of China's "Three Rural Issues"At present, China's agricultural production costs are rising rapidly, with bulk agricultural products [1.36 per cent funding research Report] Prices are generally higher than those in the international market. How to improve agricultural competitiveness under the "double squeeze" is a major test to be faced. How to improve the ability of agricultural sustainable development under the hard constraints of resources and environment is a major challenge to face. How to speed up the pace of new rural construction under the background of the in-depth development of urbanization is a major problem to be solved. Solving these problems is a major task for the "three rural" work in the future. A few days ago, the 2015 Central Document No. 1 was released. This is the 12th consecutive document issued by the central government with the theme of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers. The release of the document highlights that under the new economic normal, the central government attaches great importance to agricultural and rural work as always, and has also become an important window to observe the development direction of China's "agriculture, rural areas and farmers. From extensive to intensive agriculture More Heavy Quality Benefit if China is to be strong, agriculture must be strong. To this end, the central document No. 1 to speed up the development hyundai agriculture has put forward new requirements: "efficient output, product safety, resource conservation, and environmental friendliness". This requires that on the basis of stabilizing food production, agriculture must shift from extensive management to intensive development, from resource, environment, and investment to relying on technology and innovation, especially focusing on improving competitiveness and sustainable development. Improving competitiveness is an urgent task for China's agricultural development. Right now, the cost of domestic agricultural production continues to rise, leading to a continued decline in the comparative efficiency of agriculture. The prices of bulk agricultural products in the international market have fallen continuously and have been lower than domestic prices to varying degrees, leading to an increase in imports. The rise of cost "floor" and the downward pressure of price "ceiling" bring double squeeze to China's agricultural competitiveness. Take vegetables as an example. At present, the area of vegetables in the country exceeds 0.3 billion mu, and the per capita share exceeds 500.00kg. However, the demand for vegetables continues to grow rigidly, and is expected to increase by more than 9000 million tons by 2020. Ye Zhenqin, director of the Development Planning Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, said that due to the increasing resource constraints and the decline in the quality of the labor force, the focus of agricultural production must be placed on changing the development mode, increasing yield and reducing losses. The Central Document No. 1 proposes to scientifically determine the self-sufficiency level of major agricultural products and rationally arrange the priority order of agricultural industry development. Experts believe that this requires insisting on doing something and not doing something, concentrating on keeping the most basic and important grains and rations, and on this basis, making overall plans for the production of important agricultural products such as cotton, oil and sugar, and promoting grain, cash crops, and forage. The coordinated development of the ternary planting structure. Focusing on sustainable development means strengthening agro-ecological governance. The Central Document No. 1 proposes to implement the overall plan for the governance of outstanding agricultural environmental problems and the plan for sustainable agricultural development. "This is in line with the reality of our agriculture." Cheng Guoqiang, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council, said that my country's agricultural resources and environment are close to the carrying limit. Over the years, problems such as rural non-point source pollution, declining quality of cultivated land, and over-exploitation of groundwater have become increasingly prominent. Especially after the problem of food and clothing is solved, the public has higher requirements for the improvement of the ecological environment and the quality and safety of agricultural products. We must adhere to both "protection" and "governance", so that those overdrawn agricultural resources and the environment can be recuperated. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the governance of outstanding agricultural environmental problems. In response to the quality and safety of agricultural products, the Central Document No. 1 proposes to establish a fully traceable, interconnected and shared agricultural product quality and food safety information platform. At present, there are more than 400,000 food production enterprises and more than 300 million food business entities in my country. Small workshops and small vendors are even more difficult to count. Although some enterprises and some places have established quality traceability platforms, most of them have not achieved information sharing and full coverage due to different ownership of traceability systems. Experts believe that this formulation of the No. 1 Central Document captures the key link of food safety and is conducive to ensuring "safety on the tip of the tongue". From the inside to the outside expand the space for farmers to increase income if China wants to be rich, farmers must be rich. The key to increasing farmers' income is to tap both internal potential and external force to achieve internal and external linkage. Central document No. 1 proposed to improve the effectiveness of agricultural subsidy policy. Ye Xingqing, director of the Rural Department of the Development Research Center of the State Council, said that for a long time, we have used price means to mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for production. Now domestic and foreign prices are upside down, and it is no longer sustainable to use this method. At the same time, the space for agricultural subsidies is gradually decreasing. At the time of China's accession to the WTO, 8.5 per cent of the "yellow box" space promised is still available, and there is also a lot of space for non-specific products, but there is little space for subsidies for some products, and some products have even exceeded it, forming a "ceiling". Based on this, the Central Document No. 1 proposes to gradually expand the scale and scope of the implementation of the "green box" support policy, adjust and improve the "yellow box" support policy, and give full play to the effect of the policy to benefit farmers and increase income. According to reports, the next step, agricultural product target price insurance pilot will also be carried out. Experts said that regardless of the target price reform or the target price insurance pilot, the strategy of "classified implementation, gradual and orderly progress, easy first and then difficult, and smooth transition" should be adopted. When the pilot will be expanded to other varieties and regions, it is necessary to consider after obtaining relatively mature experience. However, no matter how the price formation mechanism is changed, farmers cannot suffer losses. At the same time, it is necessary to formulate plans to deal with excessive market volatility. The Central Document No. 1 proposes to promote the integration and development of the three industries of rural 1. 2. This is in line with the current international popular "six industries" theory. Farmers should be encouraged not only to engage in farming (primary production), but also to engage in the processing of agricultural products (secondary production) and the circulation of agricultural products (tertiary production). Because "1+2+3" is equal to 6, "1 × 2 × 3" is also equal to 6, so it is called "six industries". Zhu Xinkai, a professor at Renmin University of China and vice chairman of the Leisure Agriculture expert Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, said that agriculture is an industry that integrates production, life, and ecological functions. It is necessary to promote and expand new links such as processing, circulation, and sales from the primary agricultural planting and breeding industry, so as to form an interactive and integrated development model of "one production one after another" and create a "six industries". From land to assets reform Releases Rural Vitality to comprehensively deepen reform, rural reform must be placed in a prominent position. From the reform of rural land system to the reform of rural collective asset property rights, a new round of rural reform is speeding up in an all-round way. The No. 1 document of the Central Committee clearly proposes to establish a land value-added income distribution mechanism that takes into account the state, collectives, and individuals, and reasonably increase personal income. At present, the area of rural collective operating construction land is about 42 million mu, and the total area of homestead is about 0.17 billion mu. The focus of the reform of the land system is the classified implementation of rural land expropriation, the entry of collective operating construction land into the market, and the pilot reform of the homestead system. In fact, the central government has issued relevant supporting documents. Experts believe that in order to implement the relevant documents, it is necessary to explore and improve the land expropriation system with standardized procedures, reasonable compensation, and diversified guarantees, establish a rural collective operating construction land market entry system with the same rights and prices, smooth circulation, and income sharing, and improve fair acquisition in accordance with the law. The homestead system of economical and intensive use and voluntary paid withdrawal. The No. 1 document of the Central Committee proposes to explore the effective realization form of rural collective ownership and innovate the operation mechanism of rural collective economy. With the development of rural economy, the collective income of many local villages has increased rapidly, and the villagers pay more and more attention to how to distribute the collective income. Experts believe that for operating assets, the focus is to clarify the ownership of collective property rights, quantify the conversion of assets to members of collective economic organizations, and explore the development of farmers' share cooperation. "The pilot reform of rural collective asset property rights will take into account different regions in the east, middle and west, and select a number of qualified counties (cities) as units to carry out the pilot work. The pilot work will be completed by the end of 2017." Chen Xiaohua, vice minister of agriculture, said that it is necessary to carry out the reform of the rural collective property rights joint-stock cooperative system in accordance with the requirements of the modern property rights system and proceeding from reality. For non-operating assets, the focus is to explore an effective mechanism for collective unified operation and management, so as to better provide public welfare services for members of collective economic organizations and community residents. From "things" to "people" new rural construction to the deep force if China wants beauty, the countryside must be beautiful. The No. 1 Central Document emphasizes accelerating the improvement of rural infrastructure, promoting the equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas, and making rural areas a beautiful home for farmers to live and work in peace. Li Guoxiang, a researcher at the Rural Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that in some rural areas, "garbage is blown by the wind and sewage is evaporated", and the ecological environment, water, electricity, gas and other infrastructure are very poor. It is necessary to intensify the construction of rural infrastructure and comprehensively promote the improvement of the rural living environment. In the future, even if China reaches an urbanization rate of 70%, there will still be 0.5 billion people in the countryside. To improve the rural environment, the government must actively undertake, and the countryside must not become a "hometown in memory". Central document No. 1 clear, around the integration of urban and rural development, to further promote the construction of new rural areas. Experts believe that the promotion of "people's new countryside" and "people's urbanization" are the two major starting points for solving the "three rural" problems in the new era. For farmers who work in cities, efforts should be made to improve their quality and ability to integrate into cities and towns; for farmers who still live in rural areas, it is necessary to comprehensively improve the rural happiness index. The integration of urban and rural development means that farmers, whether living in urban or rural areas, can equally enjoy the dividends of reform and the fruits of modernization. In recent years, my country's new rural cooperative medical system, new rural insurance, rural subsistence allowances and other systems have advanced rapidly, but public resources such as culture, health, and education are still scarce in rural areas. It can be said that the backwardness of rural areas is largely reflected in the backwardness of social undertakings and public services. It is necessary to improve the level of public services in rural areas through the construction of "people's new countryside", so that farmers who stay in rural areas can enjoy more and better public services and social security. Source: China Economic Net | Time: February 02, 2015 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Zhu Junsheng: Promoting the Innovation of Social Security System with Global ThinkingWhether it is the dispute between fees and taxes, or the dispute between the main body of medical insurance, to a large extent, it is manifested as the dispute of departmental interests. Therefore, we should realize the victory of ideas over interests, that is, limiting power, checks and balances of power and knowing and stopping power. ■ Zhu Junsheng there was a lot of controversy before the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on how to evaluate China's past reforms and guide future reforms. Among them, there are two views with far-reaching influence: one is the Chinese model theory, which holds that China's past reform and opening up was successful, and the reason for the success lies in the Chinese model, which is characterized by strong government intervention and state-owned economic dominance. it is different from the western free competition and private enterprise system. The second is the theory of reform failure, which holds that China's reform and opening up in the past has failed, the current social contradictions are caused by marketization and entrepreneurs, and the reform orientation of marketization for more than 30 years is wrong. The above two views are opposed on the surface, but they are the same in essence, that is, they both oppose market-oriented reforms, both believe in the power of the government, and do not believe in the logic of the market. The Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee proposed to focus on the reform of the economic system that makes the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources. This also means that the high degree of government intervention and the dominance of the state-owned economy are not only the reasons for China's economic miracle, on the contrary, they are the important reasons for the contradictions and unfairness in Chinese society. From the trend of China's economic growth in the past 60 years, we can find three important turning points: first, at the third Plenary session of the Eleventh Central Committee, China's market-oriented reform began. Second, Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech, market-oriented reform to restart. The third is to join the WTO and enter a new period of opening up to promote reform. The experience and lessons of history tell us that in order to avoid the pace of reform being hindered by anti-reform mentality and policies, we must adhere to the overall thinking. First, adhere to market-oriented reform. Make the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources. The second is to reduce government control and intervention. Minimize the central government's management of micro-affairs, directly face the grassroots, with a large amount and a wide range of economic and social matters that are more convenient and effective for local management, and all local and grassroots management are delegated. Three is to achieve the rule of law. To build China under the rule of law, we must adhere to the rule of law, rule by law, and administration according to law, and adhere to the integrated construction of a country under the rule of law, a government under the rule of law, and a society under the rule of law. In the field of social security, we should also adhere to the overall thinking and transcend the struggle of ideas, departments and interests. Whether it is the dispute between fees and taxes, or the dispute between the main body of medical insurance, to a large extent, it is manifested as the dispute of departmental interests. Therefore, we should realize the victory of ideas over interests, that is, limiting power, checks and balances of power and knowing and stopping power. In recent years, China's social security coverage has expanded rapidly, and its development is mainly driven by the strong administrative promotion and financial subsidies to pry demand. But this pattern of quantitative expansion poses at least two quality problems. First, the quality of service to the insured needs to be improved. The institutional and institutional factors restricting quality improvement are mainly the lack of decentralization. One is the lack of vertical decentralization. Local governments in the vertical power structure with the central government to obtain the legitimate power space is not enough, it is difficult to release the local governance capacity and meet the needs of local citizens; two is the lack of horizontal decentralization. On the basis of obtaining the legitimate power space, the government has not dispersed the public service function to the market and society balanced with the public sector. Second, the adaptability to economic and social development needs to be improved. High rates and high fees make businesses and individuals stressed. A survey of some places shows that social insurance contributions in some areas account for more than 20% of the average labor cost of enterprises, which has become an important factor in the increase of enterprise costs. At the same time, the high contribution burden also reduces the individual's ability to pay, directly leading to a large number of broken insurance. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of social security services and reduce management costs, system and mechanism innovation must be carried out. Vertical decentralization is to be achieved, I .e., the subject of responsibility is gradually sinking and constantly unbundling. At the same time, in order to achieve horizontal decentralization, we should first decentralize powers within the system, then decentralize powers outside the system, first separate management and management, and then open competition to the market and society. In addition, it is necessary to reduce the possible side effects of social security on economic and social development. For a long time, the theoretical research and practice departments have paid attention to the improvement of the coverage of the social security system and the improvement of the security level, but the investigation of its possible adverse consequences is not enough, and the economic adaptability of social security is lack of systematic examination. In order to realize the sustainable development of social security, it is necessary to evaluate its economic adaptability, study the moderate level of macro level and the burden of enterprise social insurance at the micro level. On the basis of the return of government responsibility, we should effectively reduce the social security rate, reduce the burden on enterprises and residents, and increase economic freedom and vitality. Buchanan had distinguished between the choice of rules and the choice under them. For social security, we should not only choose under the existing rules, but also think about the choice of the rules themselves. We should, like Bastia, seriously explore the "visible" and "invisible" in the construction of the current social security system, that is, we need to make such a choice: to pursue the benefits of the present, regardless of the huge disadvantages that follow, or to risk the small misfortune of the present and pursue the greater benefits of the future. As Friedman pointed out, we should leave more wealth in enterprises, in the private sector, and in individuals, so that the public can "spend their own money on themselves" and solve the most basic guarantee through the market mechanism. At the same time, the public is encouraged to "spend their own money on others" and to maximize their limited generosity beyond self-interest and self-love through charity and other means. At the same time, it is necessary to prudently develop the compulsory social insurance of "spending other people's money on others", and eliminate the phenomenon of "spending other people's money on oneself" that may occur in this process through the rule of law. (The author is the deputy dean and professor of the School of Labor Economics, Capital University of Economics and Business; this article is compiled by our reporter Wang Hui according to the author's speech at the 7th Beijing Young and Middle-aged Social Science Theoretical Talents "Hundred Talents Project" Scholars Forum.) source: China Science Daily | Time: January 20, 2014 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Zhou Yingheng: Experience and Practice of Agricultural Modernization in Jiangsu ProvinceJiangsu is a strong economic province, is also a large agricultural province. The sustainable development of agriculture in Jiangsu Province is not only an important part of sustainable development, but also the key to the sustainable development of economy and society. As of the end of 2012, in terms of resource endowment, Jiangsu has about 70 million mu of arable land, 0.129 billion cubic meters of water resources, and the average arable land area per household is about 7.8 mu. In terms of comprehensive agricultural development, Jiangsu has high-efficiency farmland accounting for 1/3 of the total arable land and 1/10 of the facility agricultural area. In terms of industrialized management, the proportion of farmers participating in cooperatives is 61%, the area of agricultural moderate scale operation accounts for 61%, and the ratio of agricultural product processing industry output value to agricultural output value is 1.3:1. It can be seen that Jiangsu is not rich in agricultural resources, but through the efforts of the day after tomorrow, agricultural development has made certain achievements. Jiangsu has made the following four main achievements in agricultural modernization: (1) Continued increase in grain and major agricultural products. In 2012, the province's grain output reached 67.45 billion kg, exceeding the total grain output of the four coastal provinces and cities of Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. The total output rose from the fifth in the country in 2005 to the fourth, and the grain yield reached a new high. The yield per mu reached 421.3kg, ranking fourth in the country. The per capita output of aquatic products increased from 52.1kg in 2005 to 62.4kg in 2012. The total output value of agriculture increased from 129.106 billion yuan in 2005 to 296.672 billion yuan in 2012. The output value of cereals, potatoes, beans, cotton, oilseeds, vegetables and fruits in agriculture also increased in different ways. Among them, the total output value of cereals increased from 49.504 billion yuan in 2005 to 94.887 billion yuan in 2012, and the output value of potatoes increased from 2.841 billion yuan in 2005 to 4.127 billion yuan in 2012, the output value of beans increased from 2.416 billion yuan in 2005 to 3.955 billion yuan in 2012, the output value of cotton increased from 5.731 billion yuan in 2005 to 9.378 billion yuan in 2012, the output value of oil crops increased from 6.406 billion yuan in 2005 to 8.943 billion yuan in 2012, and the output value of vegetables increased from 39.198 billion yuan in 2005 to 126.538 billion yuan in 2012. (2) Agricultural mechanization is progressing rapidly, and the level of agricultural science and technology is constantly improving. By 2012, the coverage rate of agricultural informatization will reach 80%, and the level of comprehensive agricultural mechanization will reach 76%, ranking first in the country. The contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress reached 62.3, ranking first in the country. The area of water-saving irrigation increased from 1423.5 thousand hectares in 2005 to 1733.33 thousand hectares in 2011. The area of mechanical tillage increased from 3923 thousand hectares in 2005 to 5845.67 thousand hectares in 2012; machine-sown area increased from 2123.44 thousand hectares in 2005 to 3887.94 thousand hectares in 2012; machine-harvested area increased from 3787.42 thousand hectares in 2005 to 4896.87 thousand hectares in 2012. (3) The level of comprehensive agricultural development has been improved. The scale of high-efficiency agriculture has achieved remarkable results. The area of high-efficiency facility agriculture in the province has reached 9.6 million mu, accounting for 13.9 percent of the arable land, ranking first in the country; the area of high-standard farmland is 32.02 million mu, accounting for 46.5 percent of the arable land; the cumulative number of live pigs for the whole year is 30.431 million, of which the proportion of large and medium-sized pig breeding is 45%; the effective number of "three products (pollution-free, green and organic agricultural products) is more than 16000, ranking first. (4) The quality of agricultural practitioners has been continuously improved, and the management of agricultural organizations has been continuously upgraded. Jiangsu's agricultural labor force has dropped from 10.5828 million in 2005 to 7.9603 million in 2012. The certified agricultural labor force accounts for more than 12%; the proportion of farmers participating in cooperative organizations reaches 61.4, ranking first in the country; the proportion of moderate scale operation of agriculture reaches 61%, ranking first in the country. There are also some problems in the construction of agricultural modernization in Jiangsu. Mainly: the concept attaches importance to planting and breeding, but ignores the pre-and post-natal links, the pre-natal links of agricultural materials services such as fertilizers and pesticides, and the post-natal links including circulation and processing are lagging behind, and cannot meet the needs of agricultural modernization; farmland infrastructure and supporting facilities Lack, in 2012, the proportion of high-standard farmland in Jiangsu Province was less than 47%, which is seriously incompatible with the superior agricultural environment of Jiangsu Province. Not only that, in the context of the current society's increasing requirements for the quality and safety of agricultural products, the commercialization of processing facilities, storage facilities and other post-natal supporting facilities in Jiangsu Province are still seriously insufficient, which hinders the process of commercialization of agricultural products; more people and less land, agricultural The industrial organization system is not well developed. Although Jiangsu Province has more than 60000 agricultural industrial organizations, the number is not small, but still has not solved the problem of small farmers and large market docking, the reason is that many organizations or not worthy of the name, or institutions are not sound, the function is not perfect, the agricultural industrial organization system needs to be improved; agricultural financial investment is insufficient, the mode and efficiency of the use of funds need to be improved. In 2012, the expenditure on agriculture, forestry and water affairs closely related to financial support for agriculture in Jiangsu Province still accounted for less than 10% of the public budget expenditure, which was far lower than the proportion of agricultural employment in employment (20%). As agriculture involves land, labor, resources and environment, science and technology and other fields, in addition to the agricultural sector, many relevant government departments have the task of supporting agriculture, which increases the cost of management and use of agricultural funds and the phenomenon of repeated construction, which hinders the efficiency of the use of financial funds for supporting agriculture. To this end, the following policy recommendations are made for the modernization of agriculture in Jiangsu: 1. Break through the limitations of the planting and breeding industry and realize the comprehensive modernization of agriculture before, during and after production. First of all, it is still necessary to ensure the support and attention to the planting and breeding industry. On this basis, all links before and after production should be incorporated into the construction of agricultural modernization. According to the requirements of "six industrialization", the secondary and tertiary industries should be integrated with the primary industry to improve the added value of agriculture, and at the same time, to ensure that farmers can obtain more income. 2. Strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland and post-natal process commercialization processing facilities. High-standard farmland and commercial treatment facilities are the hardware foundation of agricultural modernization and the first step to carry out agricultural modernization. This requires the provincial government to clarify goals, scientifically plan, and use legal means to ensure that the construction of farmland infrastructure is promoted year by year; based on long-term, With government financial investment as the leading factor, actively mobilize all forces, and strive for capital investment through multiple channels; implement management and protection, organize innovation, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers with the goal of realizing agricultural modernization. 3. Cultivate all kinds of model agricultural business entities and reengineering agricultural business organizations, and upgrade the agricultural industrial organization system. In areas where conditions permit, we should realize large-scale operation through land transfer, use modern inputs such as mechanization and high input to improve agricultural productivity and economic benefits, cultivate new business entities such as family farms and large professional households, and establish intermediate associations to provide services for them. More areas in Jiangsu Province are still dominated by small farmers, so it is necessary to carry out intensive cultivation, highlight regionality and characteristics, and improve the added value of agricultural products, by joining the farmer cooperative organization to improve the degree of organization of farmers, strengthen the market negotiation strength of small farmers, and realize the docking of small-scale farmers and large markets. These two roads are parallel and complementary. Jiangsu Province should take the lead in implementing these two models in the country, and finally realize the coordinated development of large-scale and characteristic agriculture. 4. Pay attention to the versatility of agriculture, increase financial support for agriculture, and improve the efficiency of the use of funds. The realization of agricultural modernization is inseparable from the exertion of the new functions of agriculture. Therefore, the provincial government should attach great importance to this, introduce the new functions of agriculture into the construction of agriculture, continue to develop and utilize, and improve the added value of agriculture; because these The new function has a strong public nature, so it is necessary to increase investment through financial support for agriculture. In the process of using funds, it is necessary to clarify the functions of various departments to prevent "headless management" and "multiple management", so as to improve the efficiency of financial support for agriculture. (the author is the dean of the School of Economics and Management of Nanjing Agricultural University and the chief expert of Jiangsu Agricultural Modernization Research Base) source: Xinhua Newspaper Network-Xinhua Daily | Time: January 13, 2014 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Jiang Changyun's Paper on the Direction of Accelerating the Transformation of Agricultural Development ModeJiang Changyun's Paper on the Direction of Accelerating the Transformation of Agricultural Development Mode jiang Changyun, vice president of the Association, published a paper in the 5th issue of Jianghuai Forum in 2015--《 problems and Trends of China's Agricultural Development and the Direction of Accelerating the Transformation of Agricultural Development Mode". Interested member friends can go to the journal page to view abstracts and download papers: http://www.jhlt.net.cn/CN/volumn/current.shtml
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Du Zhixiong and Zhan Lin: Difficulties and Solutions for Implementing the New Strategy of Precision Poverty AlleviationOver the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's poverty alleviation work has made remarkable achievements, realizing the transformation from universal poverty and regional poverty to basically solving poverty. The number of poor people has decreased by 0.67 billion compared with 1978, becoming the first country in the world to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development goal of halving the poverty population. However, our country still faces an arduous task of poverty alleviation. The latest data show that there are still 70.71 million poor people in rural areas in China by 2014, and the problem of lagging development in poor areas has not been fundamentally changed. At present, there are only five years to achieve a well-off society in 2020, and poverty alleviation is very urgent. According to the changes in the situation, it is an important task and a major responsibility for our country to adjust the poverty alleviation strategy in a timely manner and effectively achieve "real poverty alleviation and real poverty alleviation. The Great Significance of the Adjustment of China's Poverty Alleviation Strategy (I) poverty reduction encounters "the hardest bone" after poverty alleviation and development in the first decade of the 21st century, the number of poor people in China has been further reduced, and the problems of production, food and clothing for rural residents have been basically solved. However, the task of poverty reduction in China is still arduous, and the situation of poverty reduction is more complicated. The poverty reduction policies previously issued have basically achieved the task of poverty alleviation in areas with slightly better conditions. Most of the remaining poor people are distributed in Dashi mountainous areas with poor living conditions, lack of water and soil, weak infrastructure, frequent natural disasters, and lagging social development., Border areas, ethnic minority settlements and reservoir immigration areas, deep poverty, weak self-development capabilities, it is the most difficult "hard bone" to achieve China's millennium poverty alleviation goals and well-off goals ". Under the new normal, my country's economic growth has changed from high-speed to medium-high speed. At the same time, it is necessary to change the mode, adjust the structure, reduce and eliminate some excess and backward production capacity, and achieve sustainable development. This process will involve finance, employment and other areas closely related to poverty alleviation, and will also pose certain challenges to poverty alleviation. my country's poverty alleviation and development work has entered a sprint period of "gnawing hard bones and tackling tough problems. (II) Realize the Remaining Poor People Out of Poverty Need to Adjust Thinking and Strategy with the economic and social development and the change of poverty reduction situation, China's rural poverty governance has experienced a phased evolution of rural economic system reform, poverty-stricken counties as the focus, and poverty-stricken villages as the focus. Before the reform and opening up, my country's rural areas were in a state of widespread poverty. The first stage of poverty alleviation work began in the late 1970 s. The party and the state shifted their focus to economic construction, empowering the majority of poor farmers and providing market participation opportunities. In the early stage of reform and opening up, my country implemented a poverty governance policy system that focused on institutional reforms to promote poverty reduction and supplemented by relief. Poverty alleviation resources effectively "identify" those areas with development potential and rural poor people with development capacity, so that these areas and poor people can quickly seize development opportunities and get rid of poverty in a short period of time after obtaining the right to development. By the mid-1980s, the marginal benefits of rural economic system reform on poverty reduction declined, inequality and polarization between the rich and the poor began to appear, and the original poverty governance system was facing challenges. In order to improve the targeting accuracy of poverty alleviation resources, since 1986, the state has carried out a series of institutional innovations in rural poverty governance, gradually established a development-oriented poverty alleviation governance structure with public governance as the main body, changed the targeting mode of poverty alleviation and development, established a targeting mechanism with counties as the object, and identified 370 national poverty counties in 1988 (adjusted to 592 when the National 87 Poverty Alleviation Plan was formulated in 1994), tilt 70% of poverty alleviation resources (gold) to poor counties. By the end of 2000, the number of poor people in rural areas who had not yet solved the problem of food and clothing had decreased from 0.125 billion in 1985 to 30 million in 2000, and the incidence of rural poverty had dropped from 14.8 per cent to about 3 per cent. In the 21st century, with the continuous reduction of the scale of poverty in China, the distribution of the rural poor population shows the new characteristics of "large dispersion and small concentration. The distribution of the poor population has been concentrated from the former key counties for poverty alleviation and development to the lower-level village-level communities. In response to the poverty problem in the new era, in 2001, the state began to implement a village-level targeting mechanism for poverty alleviation resources, and identified 148100 poverty-stricken villages across the country as the focus of poverty alleviation work, emphasizing the village as a unit to mobilize farmers' participation in the comprehensive development of rural poverty alleviation. These key villages account for 21% of the total number of administrative villages in the country, distributed in 1861 counties (districts and cities) across the country, covering 80% of the country's rural poor. The "whole village to promote poverty alleviation work" has been carried out nationwide, and my country's poverty governance has entered the targeting stage focusing on village-level targeting. At this stage, rural poverty governance constructed a "one body and two wings" poverty alleviation and development strategy, that is, with the promotion of the whole village as the main body, industrialized poverty alleviation and labor transfer training as the "two wings", and achieved better poverty reduction results. The proportion of the rural population in the rural population dropped from 10.2 in 2000 to 2.8 in 2010. In the crucial period of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, China's poverty alleviation and development work has entered a new stage of consolidating the achievements of food and clothing, speeding up poverty alleviation and becoming rich, improving the ecological environment, improving development capacity and narrowing the development gap. With the change in the distribution characteristics of poverty alleviation targets, that is, the distribution characteristics of the flower arrangement of the poor population under the old poverty alleviation standard have been replaced to a considerable extent by the distribution characteristics of the poor population under the new standard (I. e. concentrated contiguous areas with special difficulties). The causes of poverty have become more complicated and the poverty problems are very different. In the past, the practice of "one move works" and "multiple birds with one stone" has been difficult. The "hard bones" need to be targeted at poverty alleviation resources from the regional level beyond the poverty-stricken counties, so as to cope with the overall poverty of contiguous poverty-stricken areas (such as poor transportation backbone network, etc.) and narrow the regional development gap; on the other hand, poverty alleviation resources need to be further sunk to the individual level (poor households), so as to eliminate the absolute poor population and realize the overall well-off society in poverty-stricken areas. The proposal of (III) "precise poverty alleviation" for a long time, there have been some problems in China's poverty alleviation and development work, such as the number of poor population is unclear, the situation is not clear, the pertinence is not strong, and the poverty alleviation funds and project orientation are not accurate. Although the poverty population data obtained from the household sample survey of the National Bureau of Statistics are scientific, they cannot implement targeted poverty alleviation measures because they fail to fully reflect the existence of poor people and the causes of poverty. Based on the reflection on the past poverty alleviation work, in November 2013, when General Secretary Xi Jinping investigated the poverty alleviation work in Xiangxi, he made it clear that the poverty alleviation work "should be planned scientifically, adjust measures to local conditions, grasp the key points, and constantly improve the accuracy, effectiveness and sustainability", and put forward the concept of "accurate poverty alleviation" for the first time. At a new starting point, in accordance with the principles of county as a unit, scale control, hierarchical responsibility, precise identification, and dynamic management, file and establish a national poverty alleviation information network system for each poor village and poor household, and promote special poverty alleviation and poverty at a high level. The identification is connected, the causes of poverty are analyzed in depth, assistance measures are formulated from village to household, and support is concentrated. On June 18, 2015, at a symposium held by the main responsible comrades of the party committees of some provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in Guizhou, the general secretary proposed "six precisions" on intensifying efforts to promote poverty alleviation and development, namely, "objects must be precise, project arrangements must be precise, The use of funds must be precise, the measures in place must be precise, the village must be precise, and the effect of poverty alleviation must be precise." It further enriches the connotation and operability. Three Main Problems in the Strategic Adjustment of "Precision Poverty Alleviation" targeted poverty alleviation is intended to guide the optimal allocation of various poverty alleviation resources through precise identification, precise assistance, precise management and precise assessment of poor households and poor villages, so as to achieve poverty alleviation from village to household, I .e. through "targeted therapy", targeted poverty alleviation is targeted and absolute poverty is targeted. Although the targeted poverty alleviation work has become increasingly institutionalized since the beginning of 2014, it is undeniable that in the actual process of implementing targeted poverty alleviation, the phenomenon of "off-target" is still very prominent, and the implementation of new poverty alleviation strategies and targeted poverty alleviation work are still facing greater challenges. challenge. Accurate identification of the (I) poor is the primary problem the premise of precise poverty alleviation is to determine who is the object of poverty alleviation, but there are some problems in the method and process of determining the object. The first is the problem of "scale exclusion" of the poor. The state uses the annual income of 2300 yuan as the poverty standard, and implements "scale control" on a county-by-county basis, that is, the scale of poverty is determined by the percentage of income statistics. For example, if the average income of the whole province is 10% lower than that of 2300 yuan, then the poor objects will be selected according to 10% of the population in the rural areas under the county management. In other words, the poor are not counted according to their heads, but are "made" in proportion. In this pattern, the indicators (number) of poor villages and poor households obtained by various localities (cities, prefectures), counties and townships (towns) may not be consistent with the actual size of the poor population. The second is the problem of "regional exclusion" of the poor. In 2014, China divided 11 concentrated and contiguous areas with special difficulties, together with the three prefectures (Tibet, Tibetan areas in four provinces and southern Xinjiang) that have clearly implemented special support policies, a total of 14 areas are the main battlefield for poverty alleviation in the new stage. however, this "centralized and contiguous poverty alleviation and development policy" objectively excludes some "flower-arranging" poor villages (households) from the scope of accurate identification, it even leads to the phenomenon of "contiguous for the sake of contiguous", that is, in order to highlight the effectiveness of centralized contiguous poverty alleviation and development, some local governments often integrate nearby poverty-stricken areas as concentrated contiguous poverty alleviation and development areas on the basis of non-poverty-stricken areas or even relatively wealthy areas. And exclude the real or even a large number of poor villages. In addition, the problems of "misknowledge" and "missing knowledge" caused by the poverty alleviation staff's good relatives and friends and work mistakes are even more serious. (II) targeted personalized precise assistance is the second major problem due to different causes of poverty, poor households have different needs for assistance content, and targeted poverty alleviation measures should be provided for specific situations. However, from a practical point of view, although the concept of poverty alleviation based on household conditions is valuable, it is difficult to realize, and the following problems have evolved: first, poverty reduction measures are simplified. In practice, in order to reduce the intensity of work, many poverty reduction measures have been simplified to provide part of the funds, give away some means of production, build or renovate housing for poor groups, or even just provide some daily necessities, which directly affects the poverty reduction effect and sustainability of the project. Second, the threshold requires "crowding out" the absolute poor. Some poverty reduction projects have threshold requirements and require local governments to carry out matching funds first. In order not to give up the projects, some local governments adopt virtual matching or misappropriate other resources, thus reducing poverty reduction funds (resources) in other communities. However, some poverty alleviation projects are carried out through the establishment of cooperatives, requiring the poverty alleviation targets who join the cooperatives to match a certain amount of funds, land and other means of production. Some absolute poor people have to choose to give up because they cannot afford it. Third, poverty alleviation projects do not match the needs of poverty. In the process of implementing accurate poverty alleviation, many provinces and cities adhere to the "two 70%" policy, that is, 70% of the financial poverty alleviation funds should be used for industrial development, and 70% of the specific use of industrial development project funds should be directly sent to households. However, compared with industrial development, some extremely poor areas have more urgent needs for production and living facilities such as ditches, canals, roads, and water, resulting in serious deviations in the allocation of poverty reduction resources; some industrial poverty alleviation projects even completely deviate from the law of industrial development and only Focus on production links and ignore marketing, further destroying the already fragile local industrial foundation. (III) precise management to improve the efficiency of poverty alleviation is the third problem precision management means timely tracking and monitoring of poverty alleviation measures and implementation effects, and dynamic adjustment of poverty alleviation targets. However, the current situation of poverty alleviation is far different from that of the past, with the dot distribution of the poor, the complexity of the causes of poverty and the uncertainty of various return to poverty, and the single vertical poverty alleviation management mainly adopted in China is difficult to improve efficiency, which makes the dynamic identification of the poor population on an annual cycle in the new regulations face high implementation costs. At present, the average cost of identifying a poor household is about 30 yuan. It takes one month to complete the identification of a township, and the total cost is about 10000 yuan. In 592 contiguous counties with special difficulties in the country, the annual expenditure alone is close to 60 million yuan. At the same time, in the development of poverty alleviation projects, most of the poor people only passively invest in work, and their subjective initiative and development decision-making power have not been paid enough attention and excavated, resulting in the lack of effective mass supervision in the implementation and management of poverty alleviation projects. as a result, the government-led poverty alleviation management is facing difficulties, which can easily lead to short-term poverty alleviation behavior and waste of poverty alleviation resources. Opinions and Suggestions on the Implementation of Precise Poverty Alleviation Strategy (I) the way to identify the poor as a comprehensive system, poverty identification includes multiple indicators such as unemployment rate and poverty rate. However, China still takes the income poverty line in a certain region as the fundamental basis, which has become an important constraint to carry out "accurate identification. Therefore, it is necessary to amend the current way of identifying poverty in accordance with the scale and region of our machinery. On the basis of the country's existing top-down measurement of the size of the poor population, it is necessary to build a bottom-up poverty group identification and participation system to revise and determine the size of the poor population; while focusing on concentrated and contiguous poverty alleviation and development, the poor outside the area The group adopts a non-discriminatory poverty reduction policy to ensure that the poor groups inside and outside the area are not only identified, but also receive precise assistance. Secondly, the identification method of "high accuracy, easy operation and low cost" is summarized. In the identification of poor households, in order to more realistically monitor the changes in the poor population, the government should take administrative costs into consideration on the basis of targeting benefits, and summarize more "four views" identification experience such as Weining County, Guizhou Province, namely "one look at the house, two look at the grain, three look at the labor force is not strong, four look at whether there is a scholar at home" and other simple and easy ways to ensure accurate identification of the greatest extent. "Looking at the house" here is to estimate the poverty level of farmers by looking at their living conditions and living environment; "looking at grain" is to estimate their agricultural income and food expenditure by looking at their land conditions and production conditions; "looking at whether the labor force is strong or not" is to estimate their labor income and medical expenditure by looking at the labor situation of farmers and whether there are sick and disabled people; "to see if there is a scholar at home", it is to estimate the development potential and education expenditure of farmers by looking at their education level and the current situation of students in school. Third, the gradual implementation of "participatory" horizontal identification. Residents living in the same rural areas know best "who is the real poor". Therefore, public evaluation and comparison can be carried out within the rural community, and the poverty alleviation target can be finally determined through democratic evaluation, object mapping and publicity by farmers themselves or collective selection. The management of the poor adopts a hierarchical management responsibility system for village management, township management of villages, and county (district) management of townships. In particular, the township level must strengthen policy convergence, and promptly list the people returning to poverty as poverty alleviation targets, so as to achieve "in and out, dynamic management". (II) Explore More Practical and Precise Poverty Alleviation Paths in connection with my country's current poverty alleviation situation, it is necessary to actively explore more direct and effective poverty alleviation methods that are in line with local reality, and focus on strengthening the development of "four batches" according to different causes of poverty. The first is to develop a group of poor people who have the ability to work and can be lifted out of poverty through production and work by supporting production and employment, focusing on industrial support and employment assistance, and developing regional characteristic industries with high participation in accordance with local conditions. Expand employment training and employment docking services; the second is to relocate a group of poor people who "one side of the soil and water cannot support one side of the people" through immigration and relocation, the focus of poverty alleviation is on the implementation of "relocation", and these poor people are relocated to areas with better development conditions, so as to protect the ecological environment and fundamentally solve their livelihood problems; the third is to adopt the minimum living guarantee policy., To cover a group of poor people who have lost their ability to work and cannot be helped out of poverty through industrial support and employment; fourth, through medical assistance, we will support a group of temporarily poor people who have become poor due to illness and return to poverty due to illness, focus on solving the problem of medical expenses they face, help them recover as soon as possible, and, if necessary, provide follow-up support for the development of production and employment. In order to clarify the task of poverty alleviation and the time limit for completion, and to achieve the goal of lifting the 70.17 million rural poor out of poverty as scheduled in 2020, it is necessary to carry out wall chart operations on all 592 key counties in the national poverty alleviation and development work, and formulate "construction drawings", "schedule" and "work accounts". According to different assistance needs, the work process, target tasks, assistance measures, and the list of assistance cadres are all publicized on the wall to clarify the work tasks and completion time limit. While doing a good job in the overall planning of the area and the annual promotion plan, each county and district will focus on some poverty-stricken areas every year. The task of tackling key problems in each poverty-stricken area will be completed in three stages: 2015-2017 will be a concentrated attack, 2018-2019 will be a consolidation and improvement, and absolute poverty will be completely eliminated by 2020. On the basis of determining the precise poverty alleviation path and work progress, four aspects of responsibility need to be implemented to encourage multi-party participation in poverty alleviation and development. The first is to implement the investigation, deployment and coordination responsibilities of the party and government responsible persons as the first responsible person for poverty alleviation and development; the second is to implement the main responsibility of poverty-stricken counties that must focus on poverty alleviation and development; the third is to implement the central department to promote poverty The development environment of the region is the responsibility of providing sufficient financial support; the fourth is to implement the common responsibility of all aspects of society, including party and government agencies and other units to assume the responsibility for designated poverty alleviation tasks, the poverty alleviation responsibility of developed areas to backward areas, the back-feeding responsibility of industrial capital to agriculture, etc., and in the process of implementing the poverty alleviation responsibility of social capital, special emphasis needs to be placed on the participation and profit model of poor households, and poor households cannot be reduced to simple raw materials. provider. (III) Establish and Improve a More Efficient and Targeted Poverty Alleviation Management System to improve the precise poverty alleviation management system, we must first work on the "exit mechanism for poverty alleviation targets" to achieve precise poverty alleviation. Through the establishment of a working mechanism for poor households to get rid of poverty and the withdrawal of poor villages and counties, strict withdrawal procedures and standards, and dynamic management of poverty alleviation targets, so as to achieve "entry and exit". Taking the number of poverty reduction population, the increase of income of the poor, the improvement of production and living conditions, the level of public service, the construction of ecological environment, and the current situation of social security as the main assessment indicators, based on the provincial indicators, the municipal poverty alleviation leading group will formulate specific quantitative indicators and assessment methods according to the characteristics of each poverty-stricken county and district. After the end of the assessment period, counties and districts that have completed the task of poverty alleviation can continue to enjoy relevant preferential policies; the "one-vote veto" can be implemented for counties and districts that have not been completed ". In turn, it will form a policy orientation for poor counties that "it is good to take off the hat early, and there are still constraints if you don't take off the hat. Secondly, it is necessary to build a social poverty alleviation service platform as soon as possible to promote the "socialization" of poverty alleviation ". At present, the approval authority for poverty alleviation projects has been delegated to the counties, and the provincial and municipal poverty alleviation departments are guiding and supervising. However, in order to change the current situation of high regulatory costs due to the deep involvement of local governments in micro-poverty alleviation activities, and to improve the transparency of poverty alleviation work and the efficiency and sustainability of poverty alleviation projects, it is necessary to build a social poverty alleviation service platform that integrates organizational personnel, dissemination of information and integration of funds on the basis of the existing 12317 poverty alleviation supervision and reporting telephone work. Among them, the function of organizing personnel is connected with the strength of social organizations in poverty alleviation voluntary service, and under the guidance of the government, participates in the targeted poverty alleviation cause for specific poor groups; the information dissemination function is connected with the work results of the poor population's filing and card filing, and timely releases the poverty alleviation demand and resource supply information, promotes the benign interaction of social poverty alleviation resources, and promotes the dynamic management of the poor; the fund integration function is connected with the poverty alleviation foundation, the design of public offering projects can not only expand the financing channels of poverty alleviation projects, but also improve the management efficiency of poverty alleviation funds. Third, the comprehensive use of financial instruments and means. Effective financial poverty alleviation measures will be an important force for poverty alleviation in the new era. In this regard, we should vigorously implement the targeted poverty alleviation micro-loan project, and strive to make all poor households with labor ability, loan willingness and certain repayment ability by the end of 2017. Get mortgage-free, guarantee-free, less than 50000 yuan (including 50000 yuan), and small credit loans within 3 years to solve the problem of difficult and expensive loans for the poor. Encourage all kinds of financial institutions to township, poverty-stricken villages to set up service outlets. Establish a risk compensation fund for poor households, and strive to achieve a loan risk compensation fund of more than 10 million yuan in each county by 2017. Integrate all kinds of financial to household discount policies, and the government will fully discount interest on poverty alleviation micro-credit loans for poor households at the benchmark interest rate. Loans to poor households are settled and discounted on an annual basis, with a maximum discount period of three years. We will step up efforts to establish mutual aid funds for poverty alleviation in poor villages, strive to achieve full coverage of village-level mutual aid funds in all poor villages by 2020, and make the scale of mutual aid funds in each poor village not less than 200000 yuan through provincial, municipal and county poverty alleviation fund subsidies and social assistance. Source: China Development Watch | Time: August 26, 2015 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Research on domestic support of agriculture in ChinaEditor's note: in recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy and the enhancement of comprehensive national strength, the level of domestic support for agriculture has been continuously improved, which has aroused foreign attention, heated discussion and even questioning. How to objectively evaluate China's agricultural support policy and grasp the essence of China's agricultural support policy is not only vital to the healthy development of China's agriculture, but also of great significance to global food security. To this end, the Agricultural Trade Promotion Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and the International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), a well-known international research institution, have conducted cooperative research on China's agricultural support. [1] the research report systematically combs the situation of China's agricultural support policies, analyzes the essential characteristics, and puts forward the choice direction of China's agricultural support policies. Now the Chinese and English versions of the research report have been published ( http://ictsd.org/ I /publications/162727/). The main points of the report are summarized below. 1. the Essential Characteristics of China's Agriculture and Rural Economy the essential characteristics of China's agriculture and rural economy are the most important factors considered in the introduction of China's agricultural and rural policies, and are also the key to accurately understand and grasp the essence of China's agricultural support policies. The dual structure of China's economy is characterized by a large gap between urban and rural areas. China is a large developing agricultural country with a large population base, a serious shortage of agricultural resources per capita, a small scale of agricultural operations, low farmers' income, a considerable number of farmers below the poverty line, and a large proportion of agricultural products are produced and consumed by themselves. These basic facts determine that China's agriculture is a livelihood agriculture, which plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring food security and farmers' livelihood security and promoting rural development. China's agriculture has remarkable multi-functional characteristics in replacing social security, eliminating poverty, playing an economic buffer role, protecting the ecological environment and inheriting culture. China's agriculture has the following three essential characteristics. The main body of Chinese agriculture in (I) is the livelihood agriculture first of all, China's agriculture is based on small-scale family farms. This is related to China's dual structure and the inability of labor, as an important factor of production, to move freely between countries. China's per capita arable land resources are less than 40% of the world average, and per capita water resources account for 1/4 of the world average; per capita grassland resources are 32% of the world average. China's agriculture is dominated by family management, and the number of farmers is huge, and the number of 2009 farmers reaches 0.183 billion. The scale of operation of farmers is small, and the scale of agricultural land per household is only 0.66 hectares, which is equivalent to 1/3 of that of South Korea and Japan, 1/40 of that of the European Union and 1/400 of that of the United States. Even in Heilongjiang Province, which has the most abundant cultivated land resources, the average cultivated land area of rural households is only 3.04 hectares, and the average cultivated land area of 13 major grain producing provinces is only 0.73 hectares. Secondly, agriculture is an important source of income for Chinese farmers and their livelihood. Agriculture is an important source of income and livelihood for the 0.67 billion rural population (according to China's statistics, those who live in cities for more than half a year are urban population). In 2010, among farmers' income, family business income (mainly agricultural business income) accounted for 61% of farmers' total income and 48% of farmers' net income. The income of farmers in the main grain-producing areas is more dependent on agriculture. Third, the income level of Chinese farmers is low, and a considerable number of people live below the poverty line. In 2010, the per capita annual net income of Chinese farmers was 5919 yuan, less than one-third of the disposable income of Chinese urban residents. The majority of farmers in China are subsistence farmers, and a significant portion of the population lives below the poverty line. According to China's current poverty standard per capita net income of 2300 yuan, there are still 0.128 billion poor people in China, most of whom live in rural areas and belong to the agricultural population. (II) China's agriculture is food security as the core of agriculture ensuring the food security of the 1.3 billion population has always been the most arduous task and the most fundamental goal facing China's agriculture. This determines that China's agriculture cannot be commercial agriculture, and it is impossible to pursue commercial interests through trade as the goal of agricultural development. Ensuring food security is a worldwide problem. The food crisis in recent years has warned us that the basis of food security is the improvement of food production capacity, especially in countries with large population, low income and backward infrastructure. It is very important to develop food production. In 2011, the global output of the three major cereals was 2.06 billion tons, and the global import trade volume was 0.27 billion tons, accounting for about 13% of the total output. This means that more than 85% of the global food security and food supply problems are solved by domestic food production, and trade only affects less than 15% of the food security and food supply problems. Therefore, the role of trade in food security cannot be overstated at any time. China is the most populous country in the world. At present, the total annual grain consumption is about 0.515 billion tons, accounting for 25% of the world. If China's imports reach 10% of domestic consumption, it is equivalent to 20% of the world's three major grain imports. In particular, China's important ration variety rice, the global annual trade volume is only 35 million tons, less than 20% of domestic consumption. Therefore, China's food security must be based on domestic production and achieve basic self-sufficiency, and it is impossible to rely on the international market to a large extent. Considering the existence of a large number of low-income people, limited purchasing power, weak domestic infrastructure and limited transportation capacity, considering the economic and physical availability of food, it is unrealistic to rely heavily on the international market to meet China's food consumption demand and ensure food security. The solution of China's food security is a great contribution to world food security. This is also the judgment of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Therefore, based on domestic production to achieve basic self-sufficiency in food is not only a realistic choice determined by China's national conditions, but also a policy choice that a responsible country should have. (III) the characteristics of China's dual economic structure are significant, agriculture undertakes a large number of social and environmental functions. The process of China's industrialization and urbanization has accelerated when industrial productivity has reached a very high level, which makes the dual structure of China's economy very significant. In recent years, the per capita net income of rural households has continued to grow, but the income gap between urban and rural residents is still very obvious, and there is a trend of continued expansion. The urban-rural income ratio has expanded from 1.85:1 in the mid-1980s to 3.23:1 in 2010. Especially in the underdeveloped areas of the central and western regions and the main grain producing areas, farmers' income is low and it is difficult to increase their income. Although rural infrastructure and social and cultural security undertakings have developed rapidly in recent years, they are still far behind the cities, at a low level and in the initial stage. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2010, half of farmers had no cement or asphalt roads outside their homes, and 22% of farmers could not drink safe and sanitary water. In 2010, rural residents received the minimum living security income per capita in 12 yuan, and only 5% of the 0.128 billion poor received the minimum living security fee. In 2010, the participation rate of the new rural cooperative medical system was 96.3, the financing level was only 100 yuan per person per year, and the reimbursement rate was only 40%. According to the main data report of the 2010 China Urban and Rural elderly population tracking survey, the coverage rate of social old-age security in China reached 84.7 in cities and towns, with an average monthly pension of 1527 yuan, but the coverage rate in rural areas was 34.6, with an average monthly pension of 74 yuan. Under the dual structure, the multi-functional characteristics of agriculture are remarkable, and agriculture has to bear many social, environmental and cultural functions in reality. This is at the expense of efficiency and has a very important positive externality. First, agriculture provides unemployment relief for farmers. Under the condition that the transfer of rural labor force is restricted by many factors, including the absorption capacity of cities and industries, China's agriculture plays the role of maintaining rural surplus labor force and providing unemployment relief for the hidden unemployed in rural areas; under the condition of economic fluctuation, it plays an economic buffer role through the return of labor force. With the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, a large number of migrant workers returned to their hometowns to work in agriculture, and the buffer role and guarantee function of agriculture as a response to the economic crisis was highlighted. According to the agricultural labor productivity of the United States and even the European Union, China does not need a large number of rural population and rural labor force. Therefore, China's agriculture undertakes the function of solving the problem of hidden unemployment in rural areas, and the labor force employment security function of China's agriculture needs to play a role in a long time. Second, agriculture assumes the function of substituting social security. Before the rural social security cause is not perfect and cannot reach the level of full protection, agriculture bears the function of substituting social security. Agriculture is not only an economic activity engaged in by farmers, and the land owned by farmers is not only a means of production, but also an important means of livelihood security. Specific rural employment methods and traditional lifestyles provide the most basic living security and old-age security for the rural population; diversified planting and breeding operations have become an important means to reduce the risk of natural disasters; the retention of small land use rights is an important risk guarantee for many migrant rural laborers. This is necessary at the current stage, at the expense of agricultural efficiency and efficiency. Third, agriculture plays an increasingly important role in eliminating poverty, inheriting traditional culture and protecting the environment and ecology. Rural poverty is a very prominent problem that has plagued China's social and economic development for a long time. Agriculture is not only an important source of basic necessities for the rural poor, but also the most realistic and feasible choice for employment, income generation, poverty alleviation and development. With the development of social economy and the deepening of urbanization and industrialization, the value of Chinese agriculture in inheriting traditional culture and maintaining cultural diversity has become increasingly prominent. With the structural adjustment of returning farmland to forests and grassland ecological construction, the role of China's agriculture in protecting the ecological environment and maintaining biodiversity has gradually emerged. Analysis of agricultural and rural support policies in 2. China the characteristics of China's agriculture determine that China's agriculture is inseparable from farmers' livelihoods and rural development, and agricultural support policies are inseparable from policies such as food security, rural social and cultural undertakings, and rural infrastructure construction. China's fiscal expenditure for "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" is collectively referred to as "fiscal support for agriculture". The "financial support for agriculture" policy covers a wide range of areas, including not only support for agricultural production and subsidies for farmers' income, but also expenditures for the development of social undertakings such as science, education, culture and health in rural areas. it also includes some expenditure on the treatment of major rivers and the construction of rural roads, forest networks, drinking water and other infrastructure. In theory, it is relatively easy to distinguish the agricultural domestic support policies defined in the WTO agricultural agreement from other "three rural" policies, but in practice it is more difficult, because under the "three rural" policy category, many policies and Projects have multiple functions, and many comprehensive expenditures are difficult to accurately apportion between different policy categories. equating the "three rural" support policy with the agricultural support policy will greatly overestimate the level of china's agricultural support. Types, Structure and Level of China's Fiscal Policy for Agriculture in (I) solving the "three rural" issues has always been the top priority of the Chinese government. With the rapid economic development, China's fiscal expenditures for the "three rural" continue to grow, which is important for promoting China's agricultural development and food security and increasing farmers' income. It has played a positive role in accelerating the construction of a new countryside. However, compared with China's agricultural population, farmers' income level, agricultural versatility and social contribution, as well as the need to eliminate the dual structure, China's current level of support for "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" is still very low. Before 2006, China's "three rural" fiscal expenditures included supporting rural production expenditures and operating expenses of agriculture, forestry, water and meteorology departments, capital construction expenditures, three expenditures for agricultural science and technology, rural relief fees, comprehensive agricultural development expenditures, and rural primary and secondary schools. Education expenditure and agricultural tax relief subsidies, etc. In 2006, the total fiscal expenditure for "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" was 317.3 billion yuan. Among them, agriculture, forestry and water affairs, capital construction expenditure, agricultural science and technology expenditure, rural relief fee and others were 216.14 billion yuan, 50.43 billion yuan, 2.14 billion yuan, 18.2 billion yuan and 30.39 billion yuan respectively, accounting for 68%, 16%, 1%, 6% and 10% respectively. Among them, the business expenses of relevant departments account for 68%, including policies of different natures. For example, the business expenses of the agricultural sector include rural public utilities, farmer education, China-Africa agricultural cooperation and South-South cooperation, agricultural resources and ecological conservation, and fishery Proliferation and release, etc. Agricultural infrastructure support includes rural roads and road construction. After 2006, China's "three rural" fiscal expenditures include supporting rural production expenditures and various agricultural business expenses, four subsidies for grain and agricultural materials and agricultural machinery, and expenditures for the development of rural social undertakings. In 2010, the fiscal expenditure on "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" totaled 858 billion yuan, of which the expenditure on supporting rural production, various agricultural expenses, four subsidies and the development of rural social undertakings were 342.73 billion yuan, 122.59 billion yuan and 335.03 billion yuan respectively, accounting for 40%, 14% and 39% respectively. Support for agricultural production expenditures include rural capital construction expenditures, agricultural insurance premium subsidies, comprehensive agricultural development, financial poverty alleviation funds, soil testing and formula fertilization subsidies, grassroots animal epidemic prevention subsidies, and farmer training. All agricultural expenses include the expenses of agriculture, forestry, water conservancy and meteorological departments. Expenditures to support the development of rural social undertakings include rural education, rural culture, rural medical and health care, farmers' minimum living security subsidies, and rural relief. From the breakdown listed in 2007-2010, a considerable part of the first category of fiscal expenditure does not belong to domestic agricultural support as defined by the WTO, the second category basically belongs to domestic agricultural support, and the third category does not belong to domestic agricultural support at all. After deducting the third category of expenditure, the first two categories of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" fiscal expenditure in 2010 was 465.3 billion yuan, and the per capita agricultural population was 680 yuan. If the first category of domestic agricultural support that does not fall under the WTO definition is deducted, the per capita financial expenditure of Chinese farmers that belongs to domestic agricultural support is less than 600 yuan. (II) China's Agricultural Domestic Support Based on WTO Classification in the past ten years, the biggest change in China's domestic support for agriculture is that on the basis of completely abolishing agricultural tax, agricultural specialty tax, animal husbandry tax, and slaughter tax, while strengthening general public services, it has gradually established and improved the four subsidies as the core. The policy of strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers has successively introduced the minimum purchase price system for rice and wheat, and the temporary purchase and storage policies for corn, soybeans, rapeseed and other products, A system of agricultural support policies consistent with China's WTO commitments and WTO rules has been formed. 1. Four subsidy policies grain direct supplement. It was implemented in 2004 and adopted the method of direct payment. Most provinces distribute the taxable land area approved during the rural tax and fee reform, which is not related to the actual grain planting area. Since 2008, the total amount of subsidies and subsidy standards are almost no longer adjusted, and the total amount of subsidies has been maintained at the level of 15.1 billion yuan. From the practical point of view, the grain direct subsidy policy belongs to the green box is not linked to the direct payment measures. Comprehensive agricultural subsidies. The purpose is to reduce the impact of the price increase of agricultural materials on farmers, and to give farmers subsidies for the purchase of agricultural production materials such as diesel oil, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films. In actual operation, on the basis of the approved standards, all localities have adopted the method of direct payment through bank cards. From 2006 to 2010, the comprehensive subsidy funds for agricultural materials were 12 billion yuan, 27.6 billion yuan, 71.6 billion yuan, 79.5 billion yuan and 83.5 billion yuan respectively. In a recent notification to the WTO, comprehensive agricultural subsidies are classified as non-specific product AMS support, but in fact they are increasingly evolving into unlinked income support. Subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery. The country as a whole continues to implement a 30% subsidy ratio. The maximum subsidy for a single machine is not more than 50000 yuan, and the maximum subsidy for individual machinery can reach 120000 yuan. The subsidy method adopts price difference subsidy. When purchasing the machine, farmers can only pay the difference after deducting the subsidy amount to pick up the goods. The subsidy fund is settled by the financial department with the supplier. From 2004 to 2009, the central government allocated a total of 19.97 billion yuan in subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery, driving local investment of 7.19 billion yuan. The 2010 budget is 15.49 billion yuan. Agricultural machinery purchase subsidy is an input subsidy measure, which belongs to the non-specific product AMS support in the yellow box support. Subsidies for improved varieties of crops. There are two payment methods: direct subsidy and differential purchase. Since 2009, rice, wheat, corn, and cotton have implemented full coverage of improved seed subsidies across the country; soybeans have implemented full coverage of improved seed subsidies in 4 provinces (regions) including Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia; rapeseed has been implemented in 10 provinces including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui. Full coverage is implemented in the main producing provinces and Xinyang in Henan, Hanzhong and Ankang in Shaanxi; highland barley is fully covered in Tibetan areas in Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, Gansu and Qinghai provinces (regions). The subsidy for improved crop varieties was 19.2 billion yuan in 2009 and 19.4 billion yuan in 2010. In the notification, the crop seed subsidy policy belongs to the specific product AMS measures supported by the yellow box. However, some experts believe that the subsidy for improved varieties is to encourage farmers to use excellent crop varieties and speed up the promotion of high-quality varieties. It has the nature of agricultural technology promotion and can be classified as a green box policy. 2. Minimum Grain Purchase Price Policy in order to protect the interests of grain farmers, ensure the supply of grain market and ensure national food security, the state implements a minimum purchase price policy for rice and wheat. During the applicable period of the minimum purchase price (generally the harvest period), when the market price of grain is lower than the minimum purchase price, the policy implementation unit shall list the new grain sold by farmers in the relevant production area according to the minimum purchase price; when the market price is higher than the minimum purchase, it shall not start or withdraw from the minimum purchase price in time. The policy was first launched in indica rice producing areas in southern China in 2005. As of December 10, 2010, a total of 36.17 million tons had been purchased. Since 2006, wheat has been purchased at the lowest purchase price in the main producing areas for five consecutive years, with a total purchase of 174.91 million tons. The policy intervenes in the market price of agricultural products, so it is the market price support measure (MPS), which belongs to the specific product AMS policy in the yellow box support. 3. Temporary purchasing and storage policy the temporary purchasing and storage policy began in 2008. The purpose is to avoid the serious impact of low prices on farmers' income and market stability under the current situation of large fluctuations in agricultural product prices. This policy is coordinated with reserves for food security purposes, covering six products including rice, corn, soybeans, rapeseed, sugar, and pork. Due to the high degree of market openness and large import volume of some of these products, and the limited purchasing and storage capacity relative to the output, the actual price intervention effect of the temporary purchasing and storage policy is small, which mainly plays the role of food security reserve. Temporary storage of grain and oil products. Since 2008, China has implemented a temporary collection and storage policy for some bulk agricultural products, with the goal of ensuring the stability and effective supply of the domestic market. From 2008 to 2009, a total of 13.66 million tons of rice, 40.66 million tons of corn, 5.33 million tons of soybeans and 5.56 million tons of rapeseed were temporarily purchased and stored. The state entrusts some enterprises directly under the central government and local enterprises to purchase at a price not lower than the temporary purchase and storage price determined by the state, and the enterprises sell on their own and are responsible for their own profits and losses. The temporary purchase and storage price of grain and oil shall be determined by the state according to the market price, and the executive body shall be responsible for the purchase and sale. The central government only pays the "national grain and oil reserve interest costs and differential subsidies", so it is a public reserve measure with the nature of a green box for food security purposes. Temporary storage of sugar. The main purpose is to ensure the stability and effective supply of the domestic sugar market. After 2005, China has repeatedly acquired white sugar through public bidding. In 2008, the temporary purchasing and storage price was 3500 yuan/ton, and the purchasing and storage quantities of the first batch and the second batch were 300000 tons and 200000 tons respectively. In 2009, the purchasing and storage price was 3300 yuan/ton, and the purchasing and storage quantities of the first batch and the second batch were 500000 tons and 300000 tons respectively. The price of sugar storage in China was the actual market price at that time, and the central government only paid the "national sugar reserve interest subsidy", which was a "public reserve for food safety" measure with green box attributes. Temporary storage of pork. In 2008, the domestic pig prices fell sharply, which caused huge losses to the interests of pig farmers, which caused widespread social attention. Since the total reserve capacity of the central government is less than 1 million tons, it is hoped that local commercial purchasing and storage will play a greater role. The government adopts bank loans, financial discount and other ways to encourage enterprises to collect and store. The central pork reserve is formulated and issued by the government, and the commercial pork reserve is self-financing by the reserve enterprises, and the finance is responsible for the subsidy of loan interest expenses, so it belongs to the public reserve for the purpose of supply security and has the property of green box. 4. China's Agricultural Domestic Support Level Based on WTO Classification due to the great difference in caliber, a lot of work needs to be done to accurately sort out the agricultural domestic support policies defined by the WTO agricultural agreement in the "three rural" policies. The relevant departments are processing the data of 2009 and 2010. Judging from the data that have been reported to the WTO, China's agricultural domestic support as a proportion of agricultural output value and the level of support per household are far lower than those of developed members such as the United States, Japan and Europe. Even according to the overestimated reported data, China's domestic support for agriculture accounted for 12.9 per cent of agricultural output in 2008, far lower than 40.3 per cent, 31.5 per cent and 65.5 per cent in the United States, Japan and Europe. According to the support received by each household, the total support received by Chinese farmers in 2008 was US $536, equivalent to only 0.01 per cent, 0.35 per cent and 2.77 per cent of Japan, the United States and the European Union, respectively. In-depth analysis of China's agricultural support data, there are the following three points worthy of attention: first, the level of China's agricultural support is in line with WTO regulations and China's WTO commitments. In 2008, cotton and non-specific product support, which had the highest AMS support for specific products, accounted for 2.51 per cent and 1.49 per cent of agricultural output respectively, leaving much room for the upper limit of WTO commitments and basically not causing market distortions. Second, the total amount of green box support has increased rapidly. One of the reasons for the rapid growth of green box support is the rapid growth of natural disaster relief expenditure. Due to the large target groups in need of assistance, limited increases in aid standards will greatly increase the total expenditure. Third, the level of green box support in China is overestimated. It is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the "other general services" under the "general services" include the administrative expenditure, personnel wages and subsidies of the agriculture, forestry, water and meteorological departments. In 2008, the "other general services" accounted for 46.8 of the "general services". This part of expenditure is not all agricultural domestic support, and all such expenditures are included in the green box, resulting in an overestimation of the level of green box support; second, the construction of agricultural infrastructure includes a lot of expenditure on rural public infrastructure, which also leads to an overestimation of the level of green box support. Analysis on the Characteristics of Agricultural Support Policy in 3. China the essential characteristics of China's agriculture also determine the essential characteristics of China's agricultural domestic support policies. (I) China's Agricultural Support Is Livelihood Support the target of China's agricultural support is the 0.67 billion subsistence agricultural population, not the commercial farmers. Many policy objectives are directed at increasing farmers' incomes and improving farmers' livelihoods. At present, the level of per capita subsidy is still very low. In 2010, the per capita financial transfer income of farmers was 453 yuan, which was only 7.7 per cent of the average annual net income of farmers that year. In addition, China's agricultural support is mainly aimed at bulk agricultural products, with the aim of ensuring food security and livelihood security. At present, China's specific product support is only for important products related to food security and farmers' livelihoods. In addition to dairy, sugar, wheat, soybean, livestock, cotton and corn, AMS, a specific product in the United States, added sunflower seeds, rapeseed oil, orchards, vineyards, nurseries and other fruits and vegetables, totaling 25 products, with a very wide range. (II) China's agricultural support is a compensatory support the characteristics of China's dual economic structure are remarkable, and agriculture bears a large number of social and environmental functions. This multi-functionality has positive externalities and public welfare, which is at the expense of efficiency. Therefore, at this stage, China's agricultural support policy has a compensatory nature. It is a compensation for the contribution and efficiency sacrificed by agriculture in the process of urbanization and industrialization under the dual structure and in a specific stage. (III) China's agricultural support does not distort international trade This is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, from the nature of the policy, China's agricultural support policies are mainly green box policy and micro-licensing policy, which have no or only slight distorting effect on trade. Second, from the actual effect, China's agricultural support policy focuses on bulk agricultural products, rather than vegetables and fruits, which China has a comparative advantage. In recent years, while increasing the production of bulk agricultural products, China has also gradually increased the import of bulk agricultural products. In 2011, China's three major grains were fully net imported. Since China's accession to the WTO, China has changed from a net exporter of agricultural products to a net importer of agricultural products. The deficit has risen from US $1.18 billion in 2005 to US $23.14 billion in 2010, an increase of 18.6 times. One of the goals of (IV) agricultural support is to respond to international market fluctuations and ensure the stability of the domestic market. In recent years, affected by non-traditional factors such as the development of biomass energy and speculative capital, the international agricultural product market has shown a trend of increasing price fluctuations. The development of biomass energy not only greatly increases the non-traditional, unconventional and unforeseen demand for agricultural products, but also opens up the interaction channel between the agricultural product market and the energy market, making the two closely linked. The large import and export of financial speculative capital in the two markets of agricultural products and energy has become an important stimulus for the large fluctuations in international agricultural prices. Due to the high degree of openness of China's agriculture and the large import volume of some products, the fluctuation of international agricultural products market has an increasing impact on China's agriculture. In this regard, some of China's policies, such as temporary purchasing and storage policies, are mainly to deal with international market fluctuations and ensure domestic production and market stability. Although the actual effect of these policies needs to be further evaluated, the implementation of these policies needs to be improved or adjusted or replaced, but its necessity is becoming more and more prominent. In short, the level of domestic support for China's agriculture has improved rapidly in recent years, which has played a positive role in promoting China's agricultural development, ensuring food security and farmers' livelihood security. The essential characteristics of China's agriculture determine that China's agricultural domestic support policy has the characteristics of livelihood, compensation and non-trade distortion. Although the total amount has increased by a large margin, the per capita level is very low. Continuously strengthening and improving domestic agricultural support is not only vital to ensuring the healthy development of China's agriculture under the conditions of opening up, but also to ensuring world food security. Date: 2013-05-14 15:30 | Author: Ni Hongxing et al. | Source: Agricultural Trade Promotion Center of Ministry of Agriculture | Responsible Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Transformation of agricultural development mode to promote sustainable development [Farmers Daily]Transformation of Agricultural Development Mode and Promotion of Sustainable Development farmers Daily August 1, 2015 china's achievements in sustainable agricultural development are remarkable, but the challenges are also severe. For a long time, my country's agricultural development concept has not been connected with sustainable development at a deep level, has not achieved a scientific transformation in the system and mechanism, has not been fully reflected in the policy, and there is no scientific and complete measure system guarantee, plus internal and external factors. With the superposition of new and old contradictions, the situation facing the sustainable development of my country's agriculture is not optimistic. China's basic national conditions are that there are more people, less land and water shortage, diverse ecological types, and great pressure on food security. Promoting the sustainable development of agriculture is a major measure to implement the construction of ecological civilization at the 18th CPC National Congress and the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. it is an urgent need to speed up the transformation of the mode of agricultural development, enhance the stamina of agricultural development, and ensure food security. First, on the development path, while strengthening the governance of the agricultural environment, efforts should be made to improve the utilization efficiency of agricultural resources by deepening structural adjustment, strengthening infrastructure construction, and promoting agricultural scientific and technological innovation. Second, in terms of development goals, we should strive to achieve a dynamic balance between the supply capacity of domestic production, international trade and agricultural "going out" and the recuperation of resources, and adhere to the principle of "firmly holding the rice bowl in our own hands". Third, in terms of development steps, scientific planning, orderly progress, pilot projects first, highlight key points, first easy and then difficult, give priority to pilot projects in areas with serious ecological and environmental problems and mature prevention and control technologies, and then gradually demonstrate and promote them. The path of sustainable agricultural development with Chinese characteristics should highlight the efficient use of resources, effective environmental management and ecological security protection, aiming to adjust the development ideas and goals of my country's agriculture, so that it can expand from "ensuring supply and increasing income" to production, life, and ecology. Win-win ". We should take the transformation of agricultural development mode as the main direction, ensure the effective supply of grain and other major agricultural products and promote farmers' income as the premise, take the reform of system and mechanism, scientific and technological innovation and technology promotion as the driving force, take the sustainable utilization of resources and environment as the principle, learn from history and international experience, effectively deal with the severe challenges, break through the resource and environmental constraints of lack of land and water, and make full use of the existing working foundation and conditions, plan major initiatives to effectively promote the simultaneous development of modern agriculture and sustainable agriculture. The road of sustainable agricultural development with Chinese characteristics should conform to the requirements of the times, adhere to the common development of family management and diversified management forms, adhere to the complementarity of traditional intensive cultivation and modern technology and equipment, adhere to the coordination of high yield and high efficiency and the sustainable utilization of resources and ecology, adhere to the complementary functions of government support and protection and the decisive allocation of resources by the market, and accelerate the construction of a new agricultural management system, We will further promote the transformation of agricultural development mode. (The author is Director of the Resources and Environment Research Office, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences)
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Hui Guoqin Hu Shengde: A Review of Research on Rural Financial Institutions[summary] the Fifth Plenary session of the 16th CPC Central Committee proposed to build a new socialist countryside in accordance with the requirements of "production development, affluent life, civilized rural style, clean village appearance, and democratic management", which is the top priority of economic work. it is also another strategic measure to solve the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. The construction of a new countryside is a huge systematic project, and finance is undoubtedly the blood of this project. However, at present, the vast rural areas of our country are in a serious situation of "blood loss of funds", and the relationship between supply and demand of funds is seriously unbalanced, which greatly restricts the sustainable development of rural economy. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the system of rural financial institutions to promote the development of China's rural economy and solve the three rural issues. Key words: rural financial institutions/financial system/new rural construction finance is the core of modern economy, rural finance is an important support for rural economic development, rural financial institutions are the organizational carrier of financial support for agriculture, rural financial institutions system is directly related to the realization of the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. With the continuous deepening of the reform of the financial system, China's rural financial institutions system has undergone great changes. State-owned banks have shrunk to cities, institutional outlets in rural areas have been greatly reduced, rural policy-oriented financial institutions and financial services are being reformed and adjusted, and postal savings have absorbed part of rural funds, making the rural financial institution system more fragile, and the contradiction between supply and demand of rural funds has become increasingly prominent. It is urgent to deepen the reform of rural financial system and improve the system of rural financial institutions. The reform of rural financial institutions is a difficult point in China's financial reform, and it is also a hot spot in the theoretical circle. Problems and Solutions of 1. Rural Financial Institutions System he Guangwen (2005) believes that according to the characteristics of China's rural economy and finance and the problems of existing rural financial institutions, the path to optimize the structure of rural financial organizations lies in the diversification of financial institutions. The way to realize the diversification of rural financial institutions is to open up the rural financial market, establish a mechanism of coexistence, complementary functions and coordinated operation of various financial institutions, break and eliminate the monopoly pattern, and truly form the organizational structure of rural financial industry based on competition. The coexistence of a variety of financial institutions can promote market competition, improve market efficiency, and better meet the diverse rural financial needs. Zeng Jianzhong (2006) research believes that reality shows that the reform of my country's rural financial system has been advancing in the direction of commercializing rural formal financial institutions. As a result, the support for agricultural and rural economic development has obviously weakened, and the rural financial The main supply is insufficient. He Hui (2006) proposed specific measures to build a diversified rural financial organization system that meets the needs of the rural economy: adjust the branches of the Agricultural Bank and use policy means to induce them to increase their investment in agriculture; adjust the business scope of the Agricultural Development Bank to further strengthen the policy The role of finance in supporting agriculture; accelerate the reform of rural credit cooperatives and actively play its role as the main force of rural finance; regulate the flow of funds, make rural postal savings funds effectively return to the rural financial market; establish various rules and regulations for market access, supervision and exit as soon as possible to legalize private finance. The research group of Pingliang central sub branch of the people's Bank of China (2006) believes that at present, the establishment of rural financial institutions is lagging behind, which is difficult to meet the needs of rural economic development; the establishment of rural financial institutions is not suitable for economic development; the establishment of rural financial institutions is not suitable for the capital demand of local economy, After the adjustment and merger of the four state-owned commercial banks, the business focus has shifted to large and medium-sized cities, the credit approval authority of the reserved institutions is increased or reduced, which increases the contradiction between the supply and demand of funds in local economic development; the establishment of rural financial institutions does not adapt to the financial operation mechanism, so it is necessary to integrate the existing rural financial institutions. The principles of integrating rural financial institutions: First, we must adhere to the decisive principle of rural economic level; second, we must adhere to the decisive principle of optimal efficiency; third, we must adhere to the principles of equal consultation and mutual benefit. As far as the idea of integrating rural financial institutions is concerned, rural financial institutions should remeasure the needs of financial institutions according to their respective service functions and network layout, and implement "grasping the big and the small" and "survival of the fittest". Appropriately reduce county financial branches: first, rationally arrange institutional outlets and establish an efficient operation model; second, improve the internal operation mechanism, establish a dynamic operating mechanism; the third is to adjust business strategies and create a good business environment; the fourth is to vigorously expand intermediary business, develop new financial products according to local conditions, and carry out collection and payment, agency insurance, consulting intermediary, safe deposit box rental And other businesses to improve the comprehensive service functions of rural financial institutions. Zhu Feng and Xiao Dongping (2007) believe that the problems of rural financial institutions are: there are few institutional outlets in rural areas, and the coverage is relatively low. Most rural areas only have rural credit cooperatives and postal savings institutions. There is even a gap in financial services in some remote and backward areas; the current government has more controls on the banking industry, and through the restrictions of many factors such as interest rate controls, this has resulted in insufficient competition among rural financial institutions and the monopoly of rural financial markets by credit cooperatives; the existing rural banking financial institutions have low service efficiency, backward means and heavy historical burdens, which cannot meet the diversified financial needs of farmers and rural enterprises. Wang Fang (2007) believes that from the macro level, due to the structural defects of rural financial organizations, the rural financial market lacks competition and efficiency. Although rural financial organizations have a variety of financial forms, such as policy, commercial, cooperative and private finance, they lack pluralistic, complex and effective rural financial organizations. We should adopt certain measures and methods to encourage the normal range of private financial activities, and at the same time appropriately liberalize the access conditions of the rural financial market, and implement the diversification of financial institutions; according to different regions and different situations, we should transform the layout of existing financial institutions according to local conditions, reform or create small and medium-sized financial institutions to serve the local economic development; reform the existing rural financial institutions, Promote the development and improvement of the rural financial system. Research on 2. Rural Policy Financial Institutions neoclassical economics holds that in the basic structure of modern market economy, market mechanism and principle are the basis of social resource allocation and economic coordination, but the market mechanism itself has its own function boundary, which can not solve all the problems of economy and society, that is, there is the so-called "market failure". The rural financial market is the main way to allocate rural financial resources, protect and promote the sustainable and healthy development of agriculture. Due to the incomplete competitive characteristics of the rural financial market and the defects of financial institutions themselves, as well as the industrial characteristics of agriculture itself, there is obviously "rural financial market failure" in the process of allocating rural financial resources, which requires the government to build a scientific and reasonable rural policy-based financial mechanism, so as to correct the failure of the rural financial market and finally achieve a balance, the purpose of meeting the rural financial needs that cannot be met through competitive financial behavior is to consolidate and strengthen the basic industrial status of agriculture and improve the overall welfare level of rural society. At present, from the perspective of organizational structure, the academic circles mainly have the following views on the reform and development of the Agricultural Development Bank of China: the first view is to retain the existing organizational structure of the Agricultural Development Bank of China and focus on adjusting its functions and support; the second view is to merge the existing Agricultural Development Bank of China and its branches with rural credit cooperatives to establish the "Rural Development Bank"; the third view is, merger the Agricultural Development Bank of China and its branches with the basic organizations of the Agricultural Bank of China and rural credit cooperatives to establish a rural regional development bank or local bank; the fourth point of view is to transform the Agricultural Development Bank of China into a rural credit guarantee bank; The fifth point of view is to merge the Agricultural Development Bank of China into the China Development Bank; the sixth point of view is to abolish the Agricultural Development Bank of China and establish a new rural policy financial institution, build a new agricultural policy financial system. Li Hongmei (2005) believes that there are problems in China's rural policy finance: the phenomenon of policy financial segmentation is serious, not forming an overall synergy, the agricultural issuance function positioning is limited, the current system is absent, the source of funds and the use of funds term structure contradiction is prominent, the scope of business is too narrow, operation and management lack of legal support. Countermeasures to improve rural policy finance: integrate and innovate the agricultural policy financial system; expand the source of funds for policy financial institutions; expand the business areas of rural policy finance; formulate special laws for rural policy financial institutions and improve the supervision system. Tang Shuangning (2006) believes that policy banks should reform in the direction of functional expansion, and enhance the service function of supporting agriculture by expanding the scope of business and service areas. The general idea is: functionally enhance the credit function for agriculture, strengthen rural credit services in underdeveloped areas in the service area, especially in the western region and poor counties, implement corporate operations, and ensure development with low profits. Sustainability policy. In terms of subsidies, the state provides certain subsidies to the losses caused by agricultural loans issued by the Agricultural Development Bank in poor counties. In addition to providing financial support for the purchase and reserve of major agricultural and sideline products of grain, cotton and oil, the Agricultural Development Bank should also increase loan investment in rural infrastructure, poverty alleviation and development, and give full play to the guiding role of policy funds for commercial funds. Areas where the bank's institutional outlets are not extended can follow the principles of equality, voluntariness and complementary advantages, and adopt the method of entrusting rural credit cooperatives to provide policy services, if the loans granted to poor counties and poor areas cannot be recovered, the state shall bear and compensate for the risk compensation mechanism of financial institutions to support agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Research on 3. Rural Commercial Financial Institutions the research group of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law (2004) analyzed how commercial banks should position themselves in rural financial activities. The theoretical circle generally and simply believes that the country attaches importance to the development of the rural economy, so the national bank should support the rural economy. This important task must undoubtedly be undertaken by the agricultural bank. However, considering the commercial reform direction and profit-making operation goal of state-owned commercial banks, the view that the "escape" of commercial finance represented by the Agricultural Bank of China from the countryside is abandoning farmers, giving up agriculture and ignoring the countryside, and the state should take administrative intervention measures or give some subsidies to make commercial finance "return" to the rural financial market is too strong emotional, it's actually an irrational view. The Research Group of the Ulanqab Central Branch of the People's Bank of China (2006) believes that, except for the Agricultural Bank, all branches of other state-owned commercial banks should be withdrawn from rural areas below the county level. This idea is mainly based on two considerations: on the one hand, the county state-owned commercial banking institutions shrink their outlets and have limited functions. From the perspective of development, these financial institutions will sooner or later withdraw from the county position; on the other hand, after these institutions withdraw, Its deposit business can be transferred to rural credit cooperatives or agricultural banks, which is not only conducive to the shareholding reform of state-owned commercial banks, but also conducive to the circulation of rural funds. Zhou Jieyu (2006), Agricultural Bank of China should be based on supporting the credit needs of middle and high-end customers in the construction of new rural areas. Specifically, the first is based on supporting agricultural modernization, promoting the formation of agricultural industrial belts and industrial chains, and supporting the development of export-earning foreign exchange, high-tech, tourism, and ecological modern agricultural enterprises. The second is to promote the effective connection between small-scale production of scattered farmers and the large market, improve the degree of organization of farmers' production and agricultural benefits, realize the transformation and value-added of bulk agricultural and sideline products, and support a group of large-scale, strong driving force, and good development prospects. Leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization with scale, characteristics and high technological content. The third is to promote the transfer of surplus rural labor to small towns, and support the construction of county towns and central towns that meet the standards of "industrial support, green environmental protection, scientific planning, and sustainable development. The fourth is to promote the construction of the rural market system, improve the efficiency of product circulation, guide the adjustment of the county economic structure and promote the regionalization and intensification of production, and support the construction of the rural commodity circulation system. Fifth, based on the development of scarce and monopolistic tourism, mineral deposits, energy and other resources in rural areas, strengthen support for characteristic resource development projects in counties rich in characteristic resources such as tourism, minerals, and hydropower. Sixth, based on improving the rural economic development and investment environment, support rural infrastructure projects and communications and power construction projects. Seventh, it is based on promoting the local re-employment of surplus rural labor force and supporting the development of labor-intensive small and medium-sized enterprises in the county. The eighth is to support the development of rural science, education, culture, health and other social undertakings based on improving the quality of farmers and their ability to produce and find jobs. Ninth, based on improving farmers' production capacity and living standards, support farmers' production and consumption activities with good credit and the ability to repay. The tenth is to cooperate with major national new rural construction projects and support the construction of major transportation networks, energy systems, and water conservancy projects in rural areas. Reform and Development of 4. Rural Cooperative Financial Institutions Zhang Xiaoshan (2001) believes that rural credit cooperatives should continue to be regulated in accordance with the principle of cooperative system. First of all, to further clarify the cooperative financial property rights relationship, to ensure that members of the ownership of the equity funds. Establish a representative assembly of members, a board of directors and a board of supervisors with democratic management powers worthy of the name, and strengthen internal control. Secondly, the government should give full operational autonomy to grass-roots credit cooperatives with independent legal personality, so that rural credit cooperatives can become farmers' own financial organizations. The Research Group of Jiujiang Central Sub-branch of the People's Bank of China (2004) believes that according to the results of academic discussions, the primary task facing rural credit cooperatives at this stage is to clarify property rights. This means that whether it is a cooperative system, a joint-stock cooperative system, or a joint-stock system, rural credit cooperatives must choose a property rights model that suits them. It does not matter which one they choose, as long as they can clarify their property rights. However, the reform of property rights will inevitably bring about the adjustment of the organizational structure, which makes the specific organizational form of rural credit cooperatives change. The reform of rural credit cooperatives should not be "one size fits all", but should proceed from reality and treat them differently. On the premise of adhering to the general direction of "shareholding system" reform, it should be implemented step by step according to local conditions and adopt specific organizational forms in line with local characteristics. Tang Shuangning (2006) believes that from the general direction, rural credit cooperatives will transition to community banks in ten years. However, the whole country should treat it differently and adopt a "one size fits all" approach according to local conditions. For some areas with developed economy, high degree of marketization and urban-rural integration, they have fully met the operating conditions of commercial banks, and their own operation is also very good. They can become commercial banks. For example, rural commercial banks have been established in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen. For western regions such as Qinghai, which may still not have the conditions for commercial operation ten years later, rural credit cooperatives do not necessarily have to transition to banks. Compared with the Agricultural Bank, the rural banking institutions formed by the reform of rural credit cooperatives are commercial banks in nature, but they are still rural commercial banks. They belong to small banks and community banks, and they still face agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Yu Xiaoping (2006) believes that new and real cooperative financial organizations should be redeveloped and cultivated according to the principle of cooperative system. The cultivation of new cooperative financial organizations should strengthen the establishment of property rights system and the improvement of corporate governance structure. First, the establishment of the property rights system. The new rural cooperative financial organization shall set up state shares, legal person shares and individual shares according to the main body of investment. Members shall take shares on a voluntary basis, and state-owned shares shall not participate in the expansion of shares. They shall withdraw from the rural cooperative financial organization in an appropriate way at an appropriate time, so as to truly reflect the private nature of the rural cooperative financial organization and achieve a truly efficient and profitable return to the countryside and farmers. This will not only enrich the capital of rural cooperative organizations, but also effectively mobilize the enthusiasm of shareholders and members to participate in the management of rural cooperative financial organizations. Second, the establishment of corporate governance structure. The corporate governance structure of rural cooperative financial organizations refers to the establishment of members' congresses, councils, supervisory boards and management departments and their mutual checks and balances, as well as decision-making, implementation and supervision mechanisms. The outstanding feature of rural cooperative financial institutions is the democratic nature of management. Under the new system, the system of members' congresses should be improved, major matters (including the election of directors) should be discussed and decided by the members' congresses, and credit and finance should be made public to members and subject to supervision. The chairman and director of the cooperative financial organization shall be set up separately to give full play to the decision-making function of the board of directors on important matters (including the appointment of the director). Attention should be paid to the supervisory and auditing function of the supervisory board. A certain proportion of the members of the board of directors and the board of supervisors shall be members of the society. Third, build industry self-regulatory organizations in the form of cooperative systems. Build an industry self-regulatory organization system that can reflect the independence of cooperative financial organizations and strengthen their supervision, embody the principle of cooperation and give full play to the role of legal organizations at all levels. The "pyramid" model can be adopted to gradually form a bottom-up, layer-by-layer holding, top-down, level-by-level management and service through the establishment of grass-roots cooperative banks, regional cooperative banks and central rural cooperative banks. Legalization of Informal Finance in Rural 5. At present, there are still many "non-governmental" financial organizations in rural areas, and their development also shows the characteristics of regional differences (Li Danhong, 2000). In the relatively developed eastern regions, such as Zhejiang, Fujian and other places, private finance is very active and large-scale, and various forms of "lifting meetings" and "silver backs" are the most common. People in addition to financial fraud, usury antipathy, the private financial completely accept, the local government also acquiesced in its existence. In the economically backward western region, private finance is not active, mainly non-interest friendship loans and high-interest usury. The development of private finance focuses on guidance, which mainly includes the following aspects; first, it must be recognized in policy. Starting from the improvement of relevant laws, systems and policies, private finance can participate in rural financial activities freely, openly and transparently through long-term institutional arrangements. Second, private finance should be included in formal financial arrangements. Support and encourage the development of rural private finance to various types of credit cooperation institutions, and guide private funds to participate in the property rights reform of formal financial organizations. Third, allow the development of small and medium-sized private banks. For the development of more mature and standardized forms of private finance, consideration can be given to the direct restructuring of private small and medium-sized commercial banks. Through policy guidance, capital absorption, new institutions and other ways, a large number of private credit funds into the open, standardized operating system, by the financial regulatory authorities to manage and monitor, can effectively reduce regulatory costs and financial risks. Han Qiang and Yang Hui (2005) believe that due to the widespread problem of "difficult loans", especially farmers have no property to mortgage, private loans are given room to survive. From the perspective of borrowing sources, the proportion of loans from formal financial institutions in farmers' loans is relatively low, and the proportion of private finance, especially private lending, is relatively large. According to a central bank research project (Wen Tiejun, 2000), farmers borrow about 70% from private financial intermediaries and about 25% from formal financial intermediaries. Zhao Quanmin believes that private lending, which is outside the official supervision, is essentially a kind of short-term investment or speculative personal financial behavior launched by the private sector outside the national monetary policy regulation and regulation of the financial market. As a kind of lending capital, the existence and development of private lending has its objectivity and inevitability. First of all, market demand is the internal basis for the occurrence and development of private lending, and the development of private lending is actually the product of market demand and the increase in the degree of monetization of the rural economy. Secondly, the lack of vitality and strength of the rural formal financial system under the characteristics of financial repression provide opportunities and space for private lending. Thirdly, the unique transaction, contract mechanism and information symmetry are the inherent advantages of the development of private lending. Finally, profit-seeking is an important reason for the development of private lending. Mao Yushi believes that the biggest problem in the current rural financial system is government regulation, and the most effective solution is to liberalize the rural financial system, legalize "underground finance", and turn reasonable underground finance into above-ground finance. Promote the development of rural economy. The Research Group of the Ulanqab Central Sub-branch of the People's Bank of China (2006) believes that many economists have found through a large number of empirical studies in developing countries that the coverage of financial services for farmers by formal financial organizations is often less than 20% of the total number of farmers. Rural financial services need to be met by rural informal or private finance. Conditional allowing the legalization of private finance can provide good environmental conditions for the development of various rural cooperative finance in which farmers participate independently. Zheng Liangfang (2006) believes that for the informal financial market of rural private free lending, the "Private Lending Management Measures" should be issued as soon as possible to standardize it, which is conducive to the construction of a harmonious rural society. It is advisable to adopt policies for rural private free lending to guide it to serve farmers and help farmers solve the temporary needs of production and life, and it is not advisable to adopt simple suppression measures. Free lending between farmers is a traditional form of lending, although it does not belong to cooperative financial organizations, but it has the nature of mutual financial assistance, familiar and used by the majority of farmers, is an important form of private lending. Review of 6. Research on Rural Financial Institutions comprehensive domestic research status can be seen that allowing rural financial institutions to diversify the system and promoting competition among rural financial institutions has almost become a multi-party consensus to solve the current rural financial problems. However, there are still great differences on the specific nature of financial institutions. Yang Rong (2005) believes that a multi-level, diversified and complex credit-based agricultural financial institution system should be established, that is, China's rural financial organization system model should be based on commercial finance, supplemented by cooperative finance and policy finance, and a diversified financial institution system supplemented by private finance. Zeng Jianzhong (2006) studies that China's rural financial institutions can be divided into formal financial institutions and informal financial institutions, the former is the main body of rural finance, the latter is a supplementary form. Guo Yongqiang, Zhang Xuewen, Zhao Chongsheng (2006) believe that, as far as the current situation is, commercial finance is for profit, so it is impossible to become the main force of the rural financial system, but it is still an important part of the rural financial system. Wang Guangyu (2006) pointed out that the ideal real rural financial institution is still the form of cooperative financial organization with property rights for all service objects. In the rural financial reform, the development and establishment of this kind of financial organization which still belongs to the category of informal finance should be emphasized. Therefore, the previous view of "facing and helping farmers" should be changed to "farmers own and farmers manage" in the establishment and layout of rural financial institutions ", the establishment of real rural financial institutions should focus on the idea and positioning of" farmers entering institutional management, institutions participating in farmers' decision-making ", and carry out accurate system design. This may be the best path for rural financial development. China's rural finance must establish a real rural financial institution organization system. Li Shuangbao (2006) believes that from the perspective of financial support for agriculture, not only the commercial financial institutions themselves have realistic constraints, but also the entire rural financial institutions lack a clear leading institution. All financial institutions generally lack the necessary cooperation and are in a loose state. They have not yet formed a real financial system conducive to rural investment and financing, and improved the agricultural policy financial functions of the Agricultural Development Bank, it is imperative to construct a rural investment and financing system dominated by agricultural policy financial institutions. Summarizing the views of all parties, the direction of the reform and development of my country's rural financial institution system should be: according to the actual conditions of each region, adapt to local conditions, establish a diversified rural financial institution system that is different and adapts to the actual rural economic development in each region; different financial institutions Fair competition between the market, not the government or the regulatory authorities, decides what place is suitable for what kind of financial institutions; the government plays an important role in rural financial reform, whether it is policy, commercial, cooperative financial institutions or informal finance, the Government should provide support and guidance, and should support and guarantee the reform and development of rural financial institutions through legislative means; private finance is a powerful supplement to meet the development of rural economy and the demand for rural funds in addition to formal finance, and should be encouraged to develop; on the basis of lowering the entry threshold of rural financial institutions, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of rural financial institutions in order to reduce financial risks. 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Tan Qingxiang Zhang Bin: Analysis of rural residents' housing satisfaction and its influencing factors.Tan Qingxiang Zhang Bin: Analysis of rural residents' housing satisfaction and its influencing factors (2015-05-29) article Source: China's Rural Economy | Responsible Editor: Zhai TianchangPDF
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Du Zhixiong Cui Hongzhi: Deepen Rural Reform and Promote "Strong, Rich and Beautiful"In 2015, the No. 1 Central Document will deepen various rural reforms as the fundamental driving force to promote stronger agriculture, richer farmers, and more beautiful rural areas, and clearly stated that "in accordance with the overall deployment of the central government, improve the top-level design, do a good job in pilot experiments, and continue to summarize and deepen, Strengthen supervision and implementation to ensure that reforms have progress and success". Rural reform is an important part of comprehensively deepening reform, and experiment first is the successful experience of rural reform in China. However, how to design the ideas, steps and methods of rural reform in the stage of gnawing hard bones and deep water areas, and how to really give full play to the effect of pilot experiments? This paper discusses some immature views on the new situation found in the investigation and evaluation of several rural reform pilot areas. Characteristics of Rural Reform Experiment at Present Stage significant increase in the relevance of reform measures in rural (I) general Secretary Xi Jinping's speech and the "decision" of the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee have repeatedly stressed that deepening reform should pay attention to systematicness, integrity and synergy (referred to as the "three characteristics"). Document No. 1 proposes a series of major rural reforms. On the whole, there is a strong correlation between many reform contents. Whether the reform measures can achieve the expected results depends to a large extent on the matching status between the various reform measures. A typical case in recent years is that people are generally concerned about the mortgage loan of collective construction land such as agricultural land and rural homestead. In fact, this is a very strong problem of "three characteristics". Rural land mortgage first involves the integrity of agricultural land and construction land rights, and secondly involves the legal qualification of whether it can be mortgaged. Even if these obstacles are gone, there is ultimately a question of whether land capital can be cashed in and settled in the market. Therefore, the existence of a fully functional and realizable land transaction market is necessary. Otherwise, if the mortgaged land cannot be realized, the enthusiasm of the bank cannot be too high. The current academic research, policy discussions, reform experiments, etc., pay much more attention to the first two than to the settlement of the bank mortgage land market. The experiment of the reform of the management system and mechanism of innovative agricultural support funds in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, illustrates the importance of the relevance and synergy between various rural reforms from both positive and negative aspects. Bijie is a typical poor area. Since the reform and opening up, the higher-level departments of Bijie's financial support for agriculture has a large amount of funds. However, due to the imperfect system and mechanism of financial support for agriculture funds, the limited financial support for agriculture funds have not exerted the greatest benefits, and it is even more difficult to play the leading role of "four or two allocations. Bijie agriculture as a whole is relatively backward, the poverty of the rural population is large, the degree of poverty is deep. In view of this situation, the theme of the rural reform experiment in Bijie City is to innovate the management system and mechanism of financial support for agriculture funds, and to explore the fund integration mechanism with project integration to avoid institutional obstacles as the core. Whether this approach can be effective requires certain conditions. One is to have strong organizational leadership. Otherwise, it is impossible to have a unified, coordinated and complementary project declaration at the county level. The second is to have scientific planning to lead. Otherwise, the more money is integrated, the greater the waste is likely to be. Third, there should be a financial supervision mechanism to support. After the funds are integrated and used, the effectiveness of departmental supervision is reduced, requiring new regulatory measures to supplement and replace the original regulatory measures. To this end, Bijie City has carried out a number of supporting reform initiatives. First, do the planning. Bijie Experimental Zone adopts planning first to plan and determine projects; establishes a project library, starts from the source of budgeting, and realizes fund integration through project integration, thus avoiding institutional obstacles. Second, pay attention to the participation of farmers in the implementation of the project. The construction of small rural infrastructure such as Lianhu Road and Yuanba cement hardening does not engage in bidding, but allows farmers to do it themselves, which not only ensures the quality of work, but also promotes farmers' employment and income, and can also solve the problem of insufficient project funds. In a broader sense, this approach will also provide a carrier for promoting rural democratization, mobilizing farmers to participate in community public affairs, and improving rural governance. Third, establish a financial supervision mechanism. There are relatively standardized application, approval, fund supervision and acceptance procedures for departmental project funds. In terms of agricultural support funds and project supervision, strengthen the supervision, inspection and audit of the establishment, use, management, project management and protection of agricultural project funds, encourage supervision from all walks of life, and build financial and industry supervision, audit supervision, social supervision, Discipline inspection and supervision and other parties participate, county (District), township (town), village and group four in one multi-level, all-round supervision and inspection system of supporting agriculture projects. In the form of supervision, five supervision carriers with complementary functions have been established: "Consensus Network of Agriculture-related Funds", network supervision platform, SMS notification platform, telephone inquiry platform and public announcement column. The survey found that Bijie City attaches great importance to the reform of the associated and collaborative work methods have produced good results, the infrastructure in some areas has been significantly improved in a relatively short period of time, farmers' income has also been greatly improved. However, the reform of the Bijie Experimental Zone is a partial exploration under the condition that the fragmentation of financial funds for supporting agriculture has not changed. At present, there are many management departments for supporting agriculture projects in China, many channels for fund allocation, inconsistent project application time, and different acceptance methods for projects. A considerable part of the funds for supporting agriculture are still used in a scattered way. This limitation of reform illustrates another aspect of the importance of focusing on the relevance and synergy approach of reform. The relationship between the direct effect of (II) reform and the overall effect and potential impact is closer. The effect and impact of any reform initiative are multifaceted. The reform should not only pay attention to its direct effect, but also pay attention to its long-term effect and potential impact, and strive to avoid the situation that "there are more new problems than solved problems. The experiment of urban-rural integration system construction in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, takes the construction of new rural communities as the combination point of overall urban and rural development, the entry point of promoting urban-rural integration, and the growth point of promoting rural development. According to the principle of "classified guidance, voluntary masses, industry-based, employment-oriented, livelihood first, and acting according to one's ability", the planning of 3571 administrative villages in the city will be integrated into 900 communities. As of the end of 2014, the city has started the construction of 352 new rural communities, completed various types of capital investment of 38.96 billion yuan, completed the construction of 39.196 million square meters of houses, and occupied 142000 farmers. The survey found that the exploration of Xinxiang City has produced many positive effects, such as the improvement of the intensive use of rural land resources, the obvious improvement of farmers' living and living conditions in a relatively short period of time, the improvement of the efficiency of government public resources input, and so on. However, this reform pilot has also led to some noteworthy joint and chain effects. The capacity of rural sustainable development is weakened. After the merger of villages, the right of farmers as the main body to the conversion and development of rural land, that is, the right to development of agricultural land, has been weakened. In the village renovation through the "increase and decrease linkage" of land and "linkage between people and land", the vacated construction land needs to be recultivated, and some of them are classified as permanent basic farmland, and collectives and farmers have lost the development of non-agricultural industries. space. Even in those villages that are not linked to land increase or decrease, most of the construction land vacated by them is used by enterprises for development. The forms of development include building houses for sale, using surplus construction land indicators to develop non-agricultural industries, etc. Collective and farmers still have no space to develop non-agricultural industries. 2. The livelihood security of farmers is threatened. The merger of villages disintegrates the traditional livelihood model of farmers. First, village mergers are often accompanied by the transfer of land to new agricultural business entities, and the function of land to protect farmers' employment and old-age care is further weakened. Second, the offspring of farmers will be difficult to enjoy free use of homestead. Third, the commercialization of farmers' lifestyles and the increase in the cost of living. Fourth, the living environment of farmers is no longer a society of acquaintances, and the mechanism of mutual aid among villagers weakens or even disappears. 3. Potential threats to food security. Xinxiang is a national commodity grain base, a high-quality wheat production base and a production and processing base for grain and livestock products in Henan Province. Innovating the mechanism of food security, cultivated land protection and land intensive and economical use is an important experimental content of Xinxiang experimental area. At the practical level, Xinxiang City tries to ensure the output rate of arable land by strengthening the construction of high-standard grain fields and innovating agricultural management mechanisms; through comprehensive land improvement and exploring the policy of linking people to land, solve the contradiction between agriculture, industry and urban land, so as to ensure the amount of arable land. However, this logical and reasonable reform idea has encountered challenges in practice. Whether it is the "increase or decrease linkage" of urban and rural construction land, the comprehensive land renovation, or the "human land linkage", the vast majority or even all farmers in a village are required to complete the demolition of old and new buildings in a relatively short period of time, so as to ensure the increase of cultivated land quantity and urban construction land index through the reclamation of old villages. However, there is a general difference in the willingness of farmers to demolish the old and build the new in the village renovation. Differences in family economic status, population size and structure, nature and location of employment, quality, area and location of old houses will affect farmers' willingness to participate in demolishing old houses and building new ones. If some farmers are unwilling to demolish the old and build the new, the old villages will be difficult to reclaim, and the amount of arable land will not increase but face the risk of decreasing. Moreover, concentrated residence has accelerated the transfer of farmers' contracted land to companies and large producers. After the transfer of rural land, the planting structure presents the phenomenon of non-agricultural and non-grain, and the risk of food security is further highlighted. Existing (III) policies and laws and inconsistencies between different laws are highlighted. Reform and innovation is undoubtedly in line with existing policies, laws and regulations. But policies, laws and regulations are always lagging behind. At the same time, there are inconsistencies between the various policies of the country, and there are also contradictions and inconsistencies between policies and laws, within various policies, and within various laws. The survey found that incongruity was a serious impediment to the smooth progress of rural reform and experimentation. Promoting the reform of the rural collective property rights system is one of the important reforms proposed in the No. 1 document this year. In fact, the incoordination between policies and laws and the lag in legal adjustments have become important obstacles to the reform of the rural collective property rights system. For example, the decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward: "stabilize the rural land contract relationship and keep it unchanged for a long time." Is the long-term unchanged land contract relationship equivalent to the long-term unchanged land contract management right? When Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, carried out the experiment of urban-rural integration, it was proposed that the rural collective land and other resource assets should be confirmed to the farmers as members of the rural collective economic organizations, and issued ironclad evidence. With regard to compensation for land expropriation, the Chengdu Municipal Government adopts the policy of "who is expropriated and who is compensated. However, in the distribution of land acquisition compensation income, there is the problem of the invalidation of farmers' land confirmation rights, and some farmers are required to divide the compensation among all members of the collective economic organization according to the existing legal requirements, so that the interest demands can be realized. The Beijing Municipal Government also stipulates that "when land acquisition for national construction is encountered, whether it is land compensation for farmers' contracted land, villagers' homesteads, collective construction land, etc., it shall be distributed equally or equally according to the members of the collective economic organization when the land acquisition plan is determined. Quantify". This situation actually reflects the contradiction between the law and the contradiction between law and policy. Article 59 of the "Property Law" stipulates: "The real and movable property owned by farmers collectively belongs to the collective members of the collective"; Article 5 of the "Rural Land Contract Law" also stipulates the rights of members. The above-mentioned legal provisions relate to the farmers' right to membership in agricultural land, which implies the idea of "natural land rights", which is an individual right that dies with the departure or death of a member. The "Decision" of the Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee proposed: "Give farmers more adequate and secure land contractual management rights, and the existing land contracting relationship must remain stable and unchanged for a long time"; Article 26 of the "Rural Land Contract Law" stipulates: "During the contract period, the contractor shall not recover the contracted land". Article 27 states: "During the contract period, the contracting party shall not adjust the contracted land". Article 32 stipulates: "The right to land contractual management obtained through household contracting may be subcontracted, leased, exchanged, transferred or transferred in accordance with the law". The above-mentioned legal provisions relate to farmers' usufruct rights over agricultural land, which implies the principle of property rights of "no increase in life and no decrease in death. In practice, individual rights and property rights are bound to conflict, and the claims of both rights can find a legal basis. For another example, in the reform of the rural collective property rights system to protect the rights and interests of women, especially married women, there are also contradictions and conflicts between laws. Article 32 of the newly revised Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests in 2005 stipulates that women enjoy equal rights with men in the management of rural contracted land, the distribution of income from collective economic organizations, the use of compensation for land acquisition or acquisition, and the use of homestead. Article 33 stipulates that no organization or individual may infringe upon women's rights in rural collective economic organizations on the grounds that women are unmarried, married, divorced or widowed. However, China's "villagers' committee autonomy law" provides for the implementation of villagers' self-determination, which can be passed with the consent of more than 2/3 villagers in the village affairs decision. Although Article 20 of the Villagers' Committee Autonomy Law stipulates that the villagers' self-government regulations, village rules and regulations, and matters discussed and decided by the villagers' meeting or village representatives shall not conflict with the Constitution, laws, regulations and national policies, and shall not infringe on the personal rights, democratic rights and legal property rights of villagers, but it does not stipulate how to review the self-government regulations and village rules and regulations formulated by villagers, how to correct the provisions in the village rules and regulations that violate the law. This situation has led villagers in many places to deprive married women of their legitimate rights and interests on the grounds that the state implements villager autonomy, ignoring the basic national policy of equality between men and women and the provisions of the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and interests. The division of labor and cooperation of "unified guidance and local focus" in (IV) rural reform needs to be strengthened. In order to mobilize local enthusiasm, the existing rural reform experiment adopts the implementation method of "unified guidance and local focus. However, in some places, the change of main leaders and the change of their working ideas make the reform experiment have the risk of poor stability and continuity. During the evaluation and research process, we found that some places simply abandoned some of the original set of test topics and test content. For example, there are four experimental contents in the experimental area of Xinxiang City, Henan Province: coordinated development of urbanization and new rural construction, food security and intensive and economical use of land, reform of rural property rights system, and social management system of urban and rural integration. However, after the start of the experiment, Henan Province and Xinxiang City have strongly promoted the construction of new rural communities, taking the construction of new rural communities as the entry point for the overall planning of urban and rural development and the integration of urban and rural areas. In this case, the reform experiment of Xinxiang experimental area revolves around how to establish a new type of rural community. Some places adopt selective and responsive reform experiments, that is, to carry out pilot projects within their jurisdiction, while the scope of the pilot projects is very small, even limited to a certain administrative village. Implementing the No.1 Document and Perfecting the Experiment of Rural Reform the No. 1 document of 2015 not only put forward a series of major reform contents, but also clearly put forward the reform principle goal of doing a good job in pilot projects and "ensuring progress and success in reform. To achieve this goal, the following four aspects deserve attention: the relevance and synergy between (I) and rural reforms should be well matched. In order to solve the problem of the relevance and coordination of various reform measures in the reform experiment and the serious fragmentation of the reform experiment pilot, the measures that can be selected are: first, strengthen the research on the relevance of various reforms, and clarify which reforms are strongly related and which are weakly related. Second, when determining the test theme and content of the test area, fully consider the preliminary basis of the test area and the completion of other reforms that are strongly related to the test theme and content. Third, we should encourage the rural reform pilot areas to include the reform experiments in various fields in rural areas, especially the reform items put forward by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, into the pilot areas as far as possible, so as to facilitate the coordinated promotion of various reforms and give full play to the comprehensive effects of the experimental areas. The direct effect of the (II) reform experiment needs to be well balanced with the overall effect and potential impact. Reform is a means, not an end. Whether the reform achieves its goal should not only look at its direct benefits, but also its possible negative effects and potential impacts. Taking into account the relationship between the direct effect of the reform experiment and the overall effect and potential impact, the key measure is to build an evaluation system, carry out the post-evaluation of the reform effect in a timely manner, and revise and adjust the reform path and content in a timely manner according to the evaluation results. In order to achieve the goal of reform and experiment, it is necessary to introduce the lifelong system of decision-making accountability, so as to prevent blind decision-making and unscientific decision-making. The relationship between (III) reform and existing policies and laws needs to be addressed the important purpose of the reform experiment is to upgrade the measures that have been tested by practice to be correct at the bottom into policies, laws, and regulations, and to institutionalize the results of the reform experiment. The central government has clearly pointed out that the rural reform pilot area is allowed to break through certain policies and systems in accordance with the law during the experiment. However, due to the lack of clear regulations on the content and degree of breakthroughs, some local reforms and innovations are not active enough, and they always try to circumvent policies and laws instead of choosing breakthroughs and innovations. It should be said that this choice of the experimental area is normal and rational, but the value and effect of the reform have been reduced accordingly. In view of the possible contradictions between the reform experiment and the policies, laws and regulations, we believe that as long as the general direction of the reform in the experimental area is consistent with the socialist legislative spirit and grasps the direction, we can boldly explore. In order to further stimulate the innovative spirit at the grass-roots level, the following measures are proposed: first, the relevant departments of the central government allow approved pilot projects to break through the policies and systems in relevant fields, and make a specific list of the contents and scope that can be broken through. Second, the central government has clearly given the rural reform pilot area the "right to trial and error". Testing is not the same as demonstration. The results of the test include confirmation and falsification. The test is successful and can be promoted as a demonstration experience. Even if the test fails, it is meaningful and can provide reference for other places to avoid detours. Third, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress agreed that the pilot area will not implement the relevant provisions of the relevant laws that are not conducive to the theme and content of the reform during the trial period. Fourth, strengthen the communication between the relevant central departments and the experimental areas, and make a normative summary and affirmation of the innovation and breakthrough at the grass-roots level. The relationship between unified (IV) guidance and local-oriented needs to be well coordinated. In order to coordinate the relationship between unified guidance and local-based work in the rural reform experiment, we suggest that more attention should be paid to the leadership and guidance of the central level to the work of the experimental area to ensure the stability of the reform experiment. First, when selecting the rural reform pilot area and the test content, consider the comprehensive factors such as the reform motivation of the test area, the early foundation, and the degree of dependence of the test content on leadership changes, and do a good job in the risk assessment of the continuity and stability of the test content. Second, the place applying for the test area should clearly promise the stability, continuity, balance in spatial layout and replicability of the test work during the test period. Third, during the implementation of the test, the relevant central departments should track, manage, monitor and inspect the test projects throughout the process. Source: China Development Watch | Release Date: July 31, 2015 | Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Cheng Guoqiang: "the belt and road initiative" Promos Agricultural Interaction and Integration to Achieve Win-win Agricultural CooperationCheng Guoqiang: "the belt and road initiative" Promos Agricultural Interaction and Integration to Achieve Win-win Agricultural Cooperation 2015-8-4 13:04:11 source: people's Network-Guizhou Channel author: GONG Jiangfeng original Title: Cheng Guoqiang: "the belt and road initiative" Promotes Interactive Integration of Agriculture to Achieve Win-win Agricultural Cooperation people's Daily Online, Guiyang, August 4th. On August 3, the important academic event of the 8th China-ASEAN Education Exchange Week "" Maritime Silk Road "National Agricultural Economy and Green Transformation Development Summit Forum" was held in Guiyang. Cheng Guoqiang, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council, said that under an open, inclusive, balanced, and inclusive regional cooperation framework, the "Belt and Road" will promote the establishment of a new pattern of international agricultural cooperation and a new order of global agricultural governance. It is understood that the theme of this forum is "Green Transformation and Sustainable Development of National Agriculture and Related Industries", sponsored by Guizhou University and undertaken by relevant units such as the School of Management of Guizhou University and the ASEAN Research Institute of Guizhou University. More than 120 guests and representatives attended the forum. the main forum was presided over by professor zhou xingyi, president of taiwan political university. As the first speaker, researcher Cheng Guoqiang, Secretary-General of the Academic Committee of the Development Research Center of the State Council of China and Director of the Bureau of International Cooperation, gave a report entitled "One Belt One Road and Regional Food Security", and shared the "Belt and Road" with the guests. Overview, progress and impact, and talked about their views on the impact of the "Belt and Road" construction on regional food security. Data show that in 2014, the total import of agricultural products between China and countries along the "Belt and Road Initiative" route was 22.839 billion US dollars, accounting for 18.80 per cent of China's total import of agricultural products, and the total export of agricultural products was 21.032 billion US dollars, accounting for 29.48 per cent of China's total export of agricultural products. Cheng Guoqiang makes an empirical analysis of agricultural cooperation in China, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar. He said that as long as the promotion of agricultural technology and the construction of agricultural infrastructure are strengthened, the rice export potential of several countries can increase by 20 million tons. "In Southwest China, the four provinces and cities of Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan, despite the current serious overload of agricultural resources and high environmental costs, the food gap still reaches more than 2500 million tons." Cheng Guoqiang analyzed that with the implementation of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements with relevant countries and regions, as well as the in-depth advancement of the "Belt and Road" strategy, the interaction and integration of domestic and foreign agricultural development and global agriculture will be significantly improved. If the "Belt and Road" promotes the formation of a regional integrated agricultural product market, it can connect the agricultural product market in Southwest China and the Indochina Peninsula, and establish a new food security system. The southwest region can introduce overloaded arable land resources to truly realize the sustainability of its agriculture. development. The Indochina Peninsula can take advantage of the agricultural product market in the southwest to promote its modern agricultural development. In addition, Professor Song Peng, Dean of the School of Foreign Affairs of Langshi University of Thailand, Professor Sheng Jun, President of Yunnan Agricultural University of China, and Mr. Quan Jingxiu, Distinguished Professor of Guizhou University, shared their experiences and views on how to achieve win-win agricultural cooperation between China and ASEAN, the development of regional tea industry and the development of ecological agriculture in mountainous areas, and reported the corresponding development paths and solutions. (Gong Jiangfeng) editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Du Zhixiong: Food Security under the New Background of Agricultural DevelopmentThe new background of agricultural development actually involves two issues. One is what kind of development trend China's agriculture is experiencing, or what kind of change it is experiencing. The second is how to deal with the impact of the new development trend or changes in agriculture on the food security strategy. Development Trend of Chinese Agriculture in 1. The theme of the conference is food security. In fact, strictly according to the definition of food security, food security is a systematic problem, including production problems, consumption problems, and an intermediate link from production to consumers. Of course, food security is still a production issue first. Since we are talking about production, that is, agriculture, what kind of changes are taking place in agriculture? One is to pay more attention to the development of animal husbandry now and in the future. China's agriculture is undergoing a change from planting-oriented to animal husbandry-oriented. In recent years, the development trend of planting and animal husbandry in the total agricultural output value has been approaching. In the past, many agricultural policies revolved around planting and grain production, or mainly based on raw grain in food. However, many problems in China's agriculture are not entirely the problems of planting industry, it may be more of a livestock problem. Second, the planting industry is experiencing a trend of centralized industrial layout. In the past, many of our agricultural products were not different from place to place. Since 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture has implemented a series of practices to promote the regional distribution of characteristic agricultural products from the perspective of policy guidance. Objectively speaking, China's grain production, including the production of other foods, is becoming more and more centralized. We can see a basic trend just by looking at the three major grain varieties (rice, wheat, and corn). Now the number of counties that produce 80% of rice, wheat, and corn in the country has dropped sharply, which is a manifestation of the partial increase in production concentration. Third, small-scale agriculture is changing to large-scale agriculture. my country has been cultivating a modern agricultural management system in the past two years. The core of the agricultural management system is the cultivation of agricultural production and management entities, including the transformation of professional farmers and large professional households to family farms, land cooperatives, and agricultural companies. Director Chen Xiwen has reported to you the latest figure on the transfer of rural land this year, which accounts for 28.8 percent of the total contracted land area of farmers. In fact, it was only 26% in the country by the end of last year. It can be seen that the speed of land transfer is very fast, and now the 1/4 land has changed from the original land contractor to the new agricultural operator. The question is where did it go and to whom? There are now many companies entering agriculture, and a series of problems may arise here, including the efficiency of agriculture's operations, whether it is necessarily large-scale agriculture that is efficient, etc., and there are a series of problems behind this that have not been resolved. Fourth, pay more attention to the quality and safety of agricultural products. Our country should realize the transformation from the goal of quantity-oriented agricultural development to the goal of equal emphasis and balance between quantity and quality. But now the situation of food safety is very serious, and the quality of food is closely related to agriculture or planting. For example, the feed in the aquaculture industry comes from the planting industry. Many problems in the farming industry determine the quality of our agricultural products. The fifth is to rely more on the role of science and technology in the whole agricultural industry chain. In the past, we may have paid more attention to technology in the field of production. In fact, from the perspective of food security, the role of technology is not only reflected in the field of production, but also needs to enter the field of circulation, such as the Internet of Things technology. There are also many technologies that need to be involved. Without the guidance and driving role of technology, our food security is difficult to guarantee. A very simple example, maybe the total amount of grain in our country is enough, but the main production is in the northwest, and the southeast is lacking. Here we need to rely on the information circulation technology of the intermediate link. Sixth, it is more dependent on international markets and resources. Since 2004, China has begun to transform from a net exporter of agricultural products to a net importer. From 2004 to 2014, the net import of agricultural products has increased tenfold in this decade. The seventh is the transformation of agricultural development from a single production function in the past to a multi-function such as ecological and cultural heritage and environmental protection. This transformation may be a very important direction for the next agricultural development. Leisure agriculture is also a very important manifestation of the versatility of agriculture, which indicates a very important trend in the future agricultural field, which is the transformation from a single production function to a diversified function. From the perspective of industrial development, the integration of agriculture with other industries is reflected in industrial integration. Japan's original Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries proposed to develop six industries in rural areas more than ten years ago. The six industries are industries of industrial integration, that is, one by two by three equals six, and one plus two plus three equals six. Six industrialization. New Changes in 2. Agriculture Require the Construction of Food Security Strategy on the whole, new changes are taking place in China's agriculture. How can we adapt to such changes to construct a new food security strategy? First of all, the structure of our agriculture must be adjusted. How can the corresponding structural adjustment adapt to the change of agriculture from planting industry to animal husbandry? For example, with the development of animal husbandry, we have to return food to the field through the belly of animals, is it through grain or straw? This structural adjustment is also linked to the agricultural support and protection system. For example, agriculture has now shifted from price protection to income protection. All our current food subsidies are aimed at the grains produced. With the change of agricultural structure, how can the agricultural support and protection system adapt to this change? To reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the production field, there must be some alternatives such as biological or organic fertilizers. Now we all know that on the one hand, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used excessively, and on the other hand, they are still being subsidized. The comprehensive subsidy is to subsidize farmers to purchase fertilizers. These new organic fertilizers and biopesticides are not included in the comprehensive agricultural subsidies, so how can our support and protection system adapt to such a change? There is also the fact that when we talk about food security, we are always talking about production, but our waste is very serious, the 16th of this month is International Food Day, and the theme of this year's Food Day is one called family farming and one is to save food. In fact, after my country's grain is produced, there is a lot of waste in the circulation, purchase, and consumption links. How can we construct a new consumption model of agricultural products to minimize production and reduce pressure on the ecology and environment? Maintaining the sustainable growth of agriculture is also a problem. There is also a question of price. A very big reform that is being pushed forward in our country is the shift from a minimum purchase price system to a target price system, which will certainly lead to an increase in the prices of agricultural products, but when the prices of agricultural products go up, what about urban low-income people? Therefore, to construct a low-income protection policy, only under this premise to allow a moderate increase in the price of agricultural products, especially food. There is also the problem of eco-friendly agricultural production methods, which are related to the biological pesticides and organic fertilizers mentioned above. How to choose the path of China's agricultural modernization? China's agriculture is the traditional mode of production of small farmers, the future of China's agricultural modernization is to achieve agricultural modernization on a small-scale basis. At present, many places are encouraging the large-scale, large-scale and long-term flow of land to industrial and commercial enterprises, which has a series of dangers. How to adapt to the series of changes that are taking place in agriculture in the future modernization path of China's agriculture? I personally think that we must find measures and methods to adapt to such a change. This is a very important work for China's agricultural development in the future. This also provides a very broad research stage for our social science workers. Editor: Zhai Tianchang
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Bao Zongshun: How to Lead the Leader in Jiangsu Agricultural ModernizationGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping's investigation in Jiangsu this time paid special attention to the development of modern agriculture, the prosperity of the rural economy, and the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", especially how Jiangsu, as an economically developed region, plays an exemplary and leading role in promoting agricultural modernization. To lead the country's agricultural modernization and lead the way has become a glorious and arduous mission currently undertaken by the party committees and governments at all levels and all sectors of society in the province. Raising the level of awareness active planning and deployment as a coastal economically developed province, Jiangsu has resolutely implemented a series of guidelines and policies of the central government on strengthening the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" since the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", and put agricultural modernization in the overall plan of building a well-off society in an all-round way and taking the lead in basically realizing modernization. Take the in-depth implementation of the agricultural modernization project as the overall starting point, and comprehensively promote various tasks. At present, the development momentum of agricultural modernization in Jiangsu is good. Among the 24 main indicators set in the province's "Twelfth Five-Year" modern agricultural development plan, except for the two indicators of "the proportion of high-standard farmland in the province" and "the proportion of effective irrigation area of farmland", the other indicators have reached or exceeded the schedule. Among them, 9 indicators have achieved the predetermined target value two years in advance. The coming year of 2015 is not only the closing year of the 12th five-year Plan, but also the year of the 13th five-year Plan. Comrades of party and government departments at all levels in the province should not only firmly regard the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" as the top priority in ideological understanding, but also realize that agricultural modernization is the foundation and support of national modernization, and at present it is still a prominent "deficiency", the key difficulties of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and modernizing the country are still in the countryside. my country's economic development has entered a new normal, and accelerating the promotion of agricultural modernization is of great significance to stable growth, structural adjustment, and people's livelihood; in action, it is all the more necessary to actively implement the requirements of the General Secretary for the development of modern agriculture in Jiangsu, and to build Jiangsu into a modern modern agricultural industry system based on equipment, supported by modern technology, characterized by modern management, and with high comprehensive agricultural benefits, take the lead in the country to achieve the strategic goal of agricultural modernization and carefully plan and actively deploy. grasp the development opportunity meet the series of challenges to promote the development of agricultural modernization in Jiangsu, opportunities and challenges coexist. On the one hand, we must grasp the current series of good development opportunities: the party and the country attach great importance to the "three rural" issues, and always insist on the "three rural" work as the top priority of the party's work; the continuous improvement of the agricultural policy system is modern Agricultural development provides a good environment; comprehensively deepening reforms provide new impetus for the development of modern agriculture; increasingly strong economic strength provides a strong material foundation for the development of modern agriculture; the rapid advancement of urban-rural integration process provides a favorable opportunity for the development of modern agriculture; domestic first-class scientific research institutes provide strong intellectual support for the development of modern agriculture. On the other hand, we must also clearly understand and meet the current series of challenges with a positive and enterprising spirit: Jiangsu has more people and less land, and the pressure on resources and environment is increasing; agricultural infrastructure is still weak, and the province's cultivated land is medium and low-yield fields Still account for a certain proportion, some farmland drainage and irrigation facilities are aging, and the construction of farmland roads and bridges is lagging; agricultural public service guarantees are still insufficient, and the prediction of crop diseases and insect pests is not high, the ability of animal disease prevention and emergency disposal is not strong, the breeding industry is not updated quickly, the supply rate is not high, agricultural technology services are difficult to meet the diversified needs of farmers, the docking with market agriculture is not tight, the coverage of information services is not complete, and the information dissemination channels are insufficient; the comparative efficiency of agriculture is still low, the incentive effect of policies on grain producers is declining year by year, and the enthusiasm of farmers to grow grain is not high. Clear development goals comprehensively deepen reform in the process of promoting agricultural modernization, how to adapt to local conditions, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, seize opportunities and meet challenges? Vigorously promote the development of efficient agriculture, quality agriculture, ecological agriculture, sightseeing agriculture, and actively guide the standardization of agricultural production, agricultural management scale, and strive to improve the degree of organization of agricultural production, will be the direction and inevitable trend of modern agricultural development in Jiangsu. Specific from the following aspects: 1. Ensure the effective supply of grain and other important agricultural products and the quality and safety of agricultural products. Stabilizing grain production and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products are the basis for the development of modern agriculture. "Balance between supply and demand and self-sufficiency in rations" is the bottom line of Jiangsu's grain production. We must strictly guard against it and never relax. At the same time, we should make great efforts to promote the standardization of agricultural production, processing and circulation, and strive to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products. 2. Comprehensively deepen the reform of the agricultural land transfer system. Comprehensively deepening the reform of the agricultural land transfer system is the institutional basis for promoting the development of modern agriculture. The top priority is to comprehensively promote the registration of rural land contractual management rights in a down-to-earth manner, implement farmers' land contractual management rights in accordance with the law, and establish and improve the rural land contract file management system; the second is to adhere to the principle of voluntary compensation and respect in accordance with the law On the basis of farmers' wishes, no targets, and no forced orders, accelerate the pilot and construction of the rural land contractual management rights transfer market, explore the establishment of a land transfer risk prevention mechanism and a transfer price market formation mechanism; the third is to actively explore the incentive mechanism for the paid withdrawal of land contractual management rights, so that farmers who are unwilling to continue farming can "withdraw" and "want to withdraw", and are interested in modern agriculture Professional farmers who operate "can farm" and "have fields", and strive to cultivate diversified agricultural moderate-scale operators. 3. Promote the construction of a modern agricultural industrial system. The focus of promoting the construction of modern agricultural industrial system is mainly in four aspects: first, vigorously develop the intensive processing of agricultural products, and strive to enhance the added value of agricultural products. Actively cultivate the "two main bodies" of agricultural leading enterprises and farmers' professional cooperatives, promote the construction of modern agricultural industrial parks, agricultural product processing concentrated areas and agricultural product market systems, and promote the agglomeration and development of agricultural product processing industries; the second is to vigorously develop agricultural product production area storage Facilities, logistics cold chain system, the implementation of agricultural product e-commerce and other marketing models, and actively develop a new modern agricultural circulation system; the third is to accelerate the development of emerging agricultural industries such as leisure and sightseeing agriculture, biological agriculture, and intelligent agriculture, and make Jiangsu the most important agricultural emerging industry cluster and growth pole in the country; the fourth is to highlight the "strong province of seed industry" and strengthen the innovation of agricultural provenances Breeding, building a modern seed industry system that combines production, education and research, and integrates breeding and promotion. 4. Build a new agricultural management system. To build a new agricultural management system, first of all, we should speed up the cultivation of new agricultural operators represented by large professional households, family farms, farmers' professional cooperatives and agricultural leading enterprises, reasonably guide industrial and commercial capital to invest in agriculture, clarify the functional orientation and advantages of different business entities, and vigorously develop cooperative management and industrial management; secondly, we should strive to promote the innovation of agricultural management mechanism, Including the development of agricultural moderate scale operation, innovate modern agricultural management methods, improve interest linkage mechanisms, benefit sharing, and risk sharing, not only protect the interests of farmers, but also fully mobilize the enthusiasm of other business entities; third, in accordance with the requirements of building modern agriculture, accelerate the construction of public service institutions Relying on, supplemented by agricultural operating service organizations, covering the whole process, comprehensive supporting, convenient and efficient agricultural socialized service system, providing all-round and full-process services for the development of modern agriculture. 5. Improve the level of modern agricultural science and technology. It is necessary to build a comprehensive agricultural science and technology system with agricultural science and technology innovation as the driving force, agricultural science and technology demonstration park as the carrier, agricultural technology extension system as the backbone, and agricultural science and technology talent cultivation as the support, so as to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. 6. Strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure. Agricultural infrastructure is the fundamental guarantee to improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, which needs to be continuously updated, maintained and invested in new construction. During the 13th Five Year Plan period, we should focus on improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity. The construction of agricultural infrastructure system should further improve and continue to increase investment in new construction in farmland water conservancy, agricultural mechanization, informatization, facility agriculture, agricultural resource development and land adjustment. 7. Strengthen the agricultural support and protection system. Following the objective reality of high investment, high cost and high risk in modern agriculture, we should increase agricultural investment, innovate the rural financial system, establish and improve the agricultural insurance system, deepen the reform of the rural land system, and improve the long-term mechanism to support and protect agricultural development. 8. Promote regional differential development according to local conditions. The regional differences in Jiangsu Province are obvious. According to the regional natural, economic and social characteristics, and the requirements of modern agricultural development, each region should further implement specialized division of labor, provide differentiated social services, and promote local development with distinctive support policies. 2015-01-14 09:40:14 | Source: Jiangsu, China | Editor: Zhai Tianchang